tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78694855804448976122024-03-12T18:45:52.921-05:00Our BeansBiblical and Patristic Studies, especially dealing with the reception of the Hebrew Bible in Early ChristianityEd Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.comBlogger278125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-85767023326184478162023-05-31T12:14:00.000-05:002023-05-31T12:14:11.628-05:00Adler's The Origins of Judaism, Reviewed<p>I've been reading <a href="https://ariel.academia.edu/YonatanAdler">Yonatan Adler</a>'s book <i><a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Origins_of_Judaism/QMyREAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Origins of Judaism</a></i> (Yale, 2022), which I am finding very helpful and mostly persuasive. So I was interested to see that Jim Davila <a href="https://paleojudaica.blogspot.com/2023/05/review-of-adler-origins-of-judaism.html">linked</a> to a <a href="https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-743505">critical review</a> of the book appearing in the Jerusalem Post and written by <a href="https://torahinmotion.org/profile/rabbi-dr-ari-zivotofsky">Ari Zivotofsky</a>. </p><p>To my mind, the review misunderstands the basic point of Adler's book. Zivotofsky seems to think that Adler wants to demonstrate that Judaism didn't exist before the second century BCE, or that the Pentateuch didn't exist until then, or that nobody had heard earlier of certain practices that have come to be associated closely with Judaism or Jewish identity (such as Sabbath observance and keeping kosher, etc.).</p><p>From the review: </p><blockquote><p>For example, Adler presents evidence that he claims demonstrates that the Torah's kosher dietary laws regarding forbidden species were not observed before the first century BCE. </p></blockquote><p>...</p><blockquote><p>He then states that substantial numbers of non-kosher fish bones were found in and around Jerusalem in periods earlier than the second century BCE—proof, he says, that the Torah's dietary laws were not part of Jewish consciousness. </p></blockquote><p>...</p><blockquote><p>Even if non-kosher fish bones prove lack of observance of dietary laws, they do not necessarily prove lack of awareness. Persian-era Nehemiah (13:16) sharply criticizes Judea's Jews: "And the Tyrians [who] abode therein were bringing fish and ... selling [them] on the Sabbath...." Thus non-kosher fish (whose remnants were found in a Jewish area) perhaps were eaten by non-Jewish merchants or purchased by non-observant but fully aware Jews. </p></blockquote><p>The reviewer is arguing that even if the Jews of Nehemiah's time did not observe the Torah's food laws, they may have been aware of those laws. This argument is intended as a criticism of Adler, but Adler does not argue any differently. Indeed, the reviewer repeatedly establishes Adler's case. </p><p>Adler has no intention of arguing that the prescriptions of the Torah were unknown in Judah or Israel prior to the second century BCE. Instead, he seeks to show that there is no evidence that a variety of practices enjoined in the Torah were practiced among a large swathe of the Jewish population in an attempt to adhere to the Torah. All aspects of that sentence are important for Adler's thesis. He is looking for certain practices (kashrut, Sabbath rest, etc.), not knowledge of those practices. He is looking for widespread practice among the Jewish people, not among a distinct minority. And he is looking for practices that are motivated not by cultural norms but by adherence to the Torah. He shows repeatedly, in chapter after chapter, that it is the second century BCE when we have this kind of evidence. That does not mean that Jews did not observe the Sabbath before the second century BCE—or even that a widespread segment of the Jewish population did not observe the Sabbath in an effort to adhere to the Torah prior to the second century BCE—but we do not have evidence for such observance. Indeed, regarding the Sabbath command, we have explicit biblical evidence that not many Jews were observing the Sabbath in certain periods prior to the second century BCE (Jer 17:19–27; Neh 10:32; 13:15–22). They certainly knew about the Sabbath prohibitions, at least the ones who heard Nehemiah or Jeremiah yell at them about it, but they weren't practicing them. </p><p>The reviewer insists that "A lack of adherence does not prove lack of knowledge...," which is true, but it does prove a lack of adherence. </p><p>The reviewer disputes Adler's argument in regard to figural art, noting that later periods interpreted the Torah's proscriptions of images (such as in the Ten Commandments) differently from the common interpretation current in the first century CE and the immediately preceding centuries. But Adler himself had pointed this out on the first page of the chapter (p. 87) and in the last endnote of the chapter (p. 268 n. 126). </p><p>About tefillin (the subject of Adler's chapter 4), the reviewer says:</p><blockquote><p>Adler uses lack of evidence to "prove" that certain rituals did not exist, such as not finding evidence of tefillin earlier than the second century BCE. </p></blockquote><p>Contrast this interpretation of Adler with Adler's own concluding sentence of the relevant chapter: "No evidence for the observance of any practice resembling either tefillin or mezuzah is available from any time before the middle of the second century BCE" (p. 131). "No evidence for the observance" is true, if one follows the analysis of Adler, and I wonder if the reviewer—had he read Adler closely enough to realize what Adler is actually arguing—would dispute that conclusion. At any rate, "no evidence" is a far cry from the reviewer's claim that Adler seeks to prove non-existence for these rituals. According to the reviewer: "For Adler to argue that the absence of even older tefillin proves their nonexistence is fallacious." Indeed. </p><p>One last quotation from the review: </p><blockquote><p>Finding a suggestion of lack of observance is not definitive proof of ignorance of the laws nor lack of observance among other contemporaneous Jews. Even a cursory reading of the Bible paints a picture of the masses not always following the Torah's rules; thus it is not surprising to discover evidence of laxity among the Iron Age II or Persian-era masses. </p></blockquote><p>Again, the reviewer makes half of Adler's point for him, which is the laxity. The other half of Adler's point: where is the evidence for fastidiousness among the Iron Age II or Persian-era masses when it comes to observing the Torah's laws? </p><p>Now, admittedly, I said I'm reading Adler's book, so I haven't read all the way through it. Perhaps in later pages he will start making sweeping generalizations or giant leaps of logic, but I haven't seen it yet, nothing like what the reviewer attributes to him. Hitherto his argument is reminding me a lot of Morton Smith's 1971 book <i>Palestinian Parties and Politics that Shaped the Old Testament</i>, a book that does not appear in Adler's bibliography. The last chapter of Adler's book promises a historical reconstruction that requires some imagination, so we will see what he comes up with. </p>Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-83726321905176856922022-03-07T14:05:00.004-06:002022-03-07T14:05:27.914-06:00Dorival on the History of Canon Research<p>I've been writing about Gilles Dorival's new book on the LXX (<a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2022/03/dorivals-new-lxx-book.html">here</a>), particularly about his first chapter on the development of the Jewish canon (<a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2022/03/dorival-on-canon-terminology.html">here</a>). Dorival spends a few pages (pp. 7–11) of his first chapter surveying "Theories of the Formation of the Biblical Canon." In this post I note merely some corrections and confusions (on my part, or Dorival's). </p><p>Several times in this book (pp. 7, 35–36, 171), Dorival attributes the first formulation of the Alexandrian canon theory to Grabe in the preface to his 1715 translation the Letter of Aristeas. But, <a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2017/12/grabe-history-of-seventy-two.html">as I've noted before</a>, Grabe did not write that preface, and the preface has nothing whatever to do with the Alexandrian canon theory. Instead, the first formulation of the theory should be attributed to Francis Lee in 1719 (see <a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2016/08/alexandrian-canon.html">here</a>). </p><p>In this section Dorival also describes the three-stage theory of canon formation (p. 8). In favor of the view that the Torah was canonized first, Dorival comments on Ezra's reading of the Law in Nehemiah 8 during the course of a morning. "Since half a day is time enough for the reading of the Law, but not the Law and the Prophets, the implication is that the Prophets were not yet part of the canon." This argument makes no sense. Now, I acknowledge that Dorival goes on to argue against this three-stage theory, so he would presumably respond to my previous sentence by saying, "yeah, I know." But I'm wondering whether anyone can ever have really brought forward this line of argument about Nehemiah 8. I've never heard it in those terms, before, and for good reason: Nehemiah 8 says nothing about Ezra reading the Prophets, so why would anyone think it would be a good argument to say that he didn't have time to read the Prophets? And another thing: what about Dorival's assertion that half a day is plenty of time to read the Pentateuch? I guess, but you'd have to read quickly. On the next page Dorival acknowledges that the half-day reading "suggested that the Biblical corpus was limited to the Torah or even to one book of it" (p. 9). </p><p>The overturning of the Alexandrian canon theory occupies the next couple paragraphs, in the midst of which he makes an interesting statement about the discovery of Ben Sira in the Cairo Genizah: "For the first time, it was proved that a book hitherto considered as specific to the Alexandrian Bible had a prior existence in Hebrew" (p. 10). Did scholars in the nineteenth century really think that Sirach might have been written in Greek? Even though the translator's preface precedes the book in Greek? And even though Jerome had said (in his preface to the books of Solomon according to the Hebrew) that he had seen a copy of Sirach in Hebrew? And even though the book is quoted in rabbinic literature, a fact surely known to those nineteenth century scholars? A statement similar to Dorival's is made in an article by Natalio Fernández Marcos (in his essay in <a href="https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/authoritative-writings-in-early-judaism-and-early-christianity-9783161560941?no_cache=1">this book</a>), when he claims that the Alexandrian Canon hypothesis was based in part on "the idea that most of the deuterocanonical/apocryphal books had been composed in Greek and on Egyptian soil" (p. 76), an idea refuted, he says, by the discovery of Hebrew Ben Sira in the Cairo Genizah and the discovery of Hebrew Ben Sira and Hebrew/Aramaic Tobit at Qumran. </p><p>Look, maybe Fernández Marcos and Dorival are right about this—that scholars used to think these writings were composed in Greek—but I have my doubts. First, Jerome (problematically) claimed he had translated Tobit from a semitic text, so I don't see why western scholars would ever imagine that Tobit had been composed in Greek. I've already mentioned the evidence for Ben Sira. I don't feel like digging through nineteenth-century writings on the canon right now to see whether they thought the deuterocanonicals were written in Greek, but these two books (Tobit and Ben Sira) are the worst examples, because there was definite evidence for a semitic origin long before the discoveries in modern times. Furthermore, the heyday of the Alexandrian Canon hypothesis was the first half of the twentieth century (see <a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2016/08/alexandrian-canon.html">here</a>), and started to be widely accepted right around the time of the discovery of the Cairo Genizah. How could the Alexandrian Canon hypothesis be based on the idea that the deuterocanonicals originated in Greek if the strongest supporters of the hypothesis lived after the discoveries in the Cairo Genizah? </p><p>Dorival's conclusion to this section: </p><blockquote><p>Because of these discoveries [= Cairo Genizah and Dead Sea Scrolls], one may conclude that, in the Judaism prior to Jabneh, a collection of holy books larger than the Jewish canon of twenty-two/twenty-four books existed. This collection appears to vary from group to group, with a stable of books common to them all. There is no direct connection between Alexandria and the deuterocanonical books. The Christian Old Testament is larger than the Rabbinic Bible because it comes from the larger collection of books that was understood as 'inspired' by one or several Jewish groups at the beginning of the Christian Era. (p. 11)</p></blockquote><p>This view has similarities to the "majority canon" position of Timothy Lim, though Dorival does not cite Lim here. I myself think that this conclusion should be stated less confidently. (See <a href="https://themarginaliareview.com/the-canons-of-the-jewish-scriptures/">my review of Lim</a>.) It is, in fact, not clear that "a collection of holy books larger than the Jewish canon of twenty-two/twenty-four books existed," although I suppose that Dorival is correct that "one may [or may not] conclude" so. </p>Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-64211186533223363172022-03-04T11:17:00.000-06:002022-03-04T11:17:24.868-06:00Dorival on Canon Terminology<p>As I mentioned <a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2022/03/dorivals-new-lxx-book.html">last time</a>, I've got some thing's to say about Dorival's first chapter, the one on the development of the Jewish canon. As it turns out, I'm going to split my thoughts on this chapter into at least two posts. </p><p>Dorival's first major section in the chapter is called "Words and Concepts" (pp. 3–7). He runs through the well-known history of the word κανών and related terminology. Let me mention first something that I appreciated. Dorival acknowledges that a canon can exist even in the absence of the word "canon," and he thinks such was the case for some ancient Jews. </p><blockquote><p>First, even if the word 'canon' is lacking, the reality of the canon did exist in these ancient Jewish milieus: that is, a list of books understood as being in some sense normative. Greek-speaking Jews probably used the expression 'testamentary books' (ἐνδιάθηκοι) for this list. (p. 5)</p></blockquote><p>For the term ἐνδιάθηκος, see Origen's <i>Selecta in Psalmos</i> 1 as quoted by Eusebius (<i>Hist. eccl.</i> 6.25), where the list of of "testamentary books" is attributed to "the Hebrews," from whom Origen may also have derived the terminology of "testamentary books." </p><p>Moreover, Dorival argues that the Rabbis used the word <i>seder</i> for what Christians called a κανών, and he cites Jerome's <i>Prologus Galeatus</i> (where the term is <i>ordo</i>) in favor (pp. 5–6). </p><blockquote><p>In Jerome's text, the word <i>ordo</i> first refers to the succession of the books among the three categories of biblical books, but then also to each category of books. The word <i>ordo</i> has the meaning of category of books in Gelasius' <i>Decretum</i> ... and in Rufinus, <i>Commentarius in symbolum Apostolorum</i> 36. (pp. 5–6)</p></blockquote><p>He connects <i>ordo</i> in these Latin sources to <i>seder</i> at <i>b. B. Bathra</i> 14b. "The suggestion is that the Sages called <i>seder</i> what the Church fathers referred to as canon" (p. 6). I think this is a good possibility. I feel like I may have made this suggestion in print, but I can't remember where. I'm glad to see it here in Dorival. (Or, maybe I just read it in the previous French version of this essay.) </p><p>I do have a couple of critiques on small points about termionology. Dorival discusses the Hellenistic-era Alexandrian canons of classical authors, seemingly implying that the word κανών was used for these lists (p. 4). It was not. Later he says:</p><blockquote><p>English historians assert that the first modern occurrence of the word 'canon' meaning 'the canon of the Scriptures' is David Rhunken [<i>sic</i>] in 1768. In fact, this word with this meaning is found in French writings of the late seventeenth century: in 1685, in the work of Richard Simon ('Canon juif') ... (p. 6, providing further examples)</p></blockquote><p>These statements from Dorival are confused. What can he mean by telling us that the word "canon" in the sense of "canon of Scripture" is already so used in seventeenth-century French literature? He seems to mean that Simon's use of the word "canon" in this sense is an early example of this meaning, but hasn't Dorival already told us that this word is used in this sense in fourth-century Greek literature? In that case, Richard Simon was not innovating, even if the word "canon" was rarely used in this sense in the intervening years (about which I am not certain). Actually, now that I look back at Dorival's first few pages, I'm not sure whether he acknowledges that Athanasius used κανών and related terms to designate the canon of Scripture. He simply notes on p. 3 that Eusebius and Athanasius did use these terms, but he doesn't say what sense the words bore in those contexts (and Eusebius himself did not use κανών for "canon of Scripture"). As for the assertion about English historians and David Ruhnken, I believe Dorival has again misunderstood. In <a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-origins-of-use-of-term-canon-to.html">a previous post</a>, I noted that Ruhnken is credited as the first person to use the word "canon"—not in the sense of "canon of Scripture," a usage that goes back to Athanasius, but—for the lists of classical authors drawn up by the Hellenistic-era Alexandrian scholars. Those Alexandrian scholars did not use the term "canon" to talk about "the canon of Greek orators" or whatever; that was the innovation of Ruhnken. </p><p>Another thing: Dorival says, "The existence of the acronym <i>Tanak</i> (<i>b. Sanhedrin</i> 101a, <i>b. Qiddushin</i> 49a, <i>b. Mo'ed Qatan</i> 21a) seems to imply they did not have a word for canon" (p. 5). The French version (p. 12) makes it even more clear that Dorival means that the Talmud uses the acronym <i>Tanak</i>. But the Talmud does not use the acronym. In the three passages listed by Dorival, the Talmud uses the spelled-out names Torah, Neviim, Ketuvim (in Hebrew, or—in the case of <i>Quddushin</i>—Aramaic), not the acronym. I checked in the Soncino edition of the Vilna Shas, but you can also check it at Sefaria: it's <a href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.101a.3?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&vhe=Wikisource_Talmud_Bavli&lang=bi">§3 of Sanhedrin 101a</a>; <a href="https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.49a.12?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&vhe=William_Davidson_Edition_-_Vocalized_Aramaic&lang=bi">§12 of <i>Qiddushin</i> 49a</a>; and <a href="https://www.sefaria.org/Moed_Katan.21a.7?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&vhe=William_Davidson_Edition_-_Vocalized_Aramaic&lang=bi">§7 of <i>Mo'ed Qatan</i> 21a</a>. Maybe I'm misunderstanding something? </p>Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-75101962821480097442022-03-03T21:22:00.000-06:002022-03-03T21:22:49.066-06:00Dorival's New LXX Book<p>Gilles Dorival is well-known among Septuagint specialists, as he has contributed many French-language studies to the field, and has especially dedicated his energies to the study of the catenae, and he has also dabbled in the development of the Jewish and Christian biblical canons. Now he has published his Grinfield Lectures in a monograph, <i><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-septuagint-from-alexandria-to-constantinople-9780192898098?cc=us&lang=en&">The Septuagint from Alexandria to Constantinople: Canon, New Testament, Church Fathers, Catenae</a></i> (Oxford, 2021). </p><p>The four subjects listed in the subtitle correspond to the four sections of the book, with each section constituting two chapters. After the eight main chapters, there is also a lengthy concluding summary (pp. 171–87).</p><p>Probably the most welcome part of this monograph is the final section on the catenae, a subject hitherto not well-served in English. As I mentioned, Dorival has contributed a great deal to this area of study, particularly on the catenae of the Psalms (see, e.g., <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Les_cha%C3%AEnes_ex%C3%A9g%C3%A9tiques_grecques_sur.html?id=1J2sQ8tOYtAC">here</a>), and it is the Psalms from which he takes many of his examples in the current monograph. </p><p>Nevertheless, it is the other sections of the book that dovetail most closely with my own interests, and it is nice to have Dorival's thoughts in English on these topics. In a subsequent post I will offer some appreciation and critique regarding certain things that Dorival says in the first chapter on the development of the Jewish canon, but for now I will simply summarize briefly his first six chapters. </p><p>Chapter 1, "The Formation of the Jewish Canon" (pp. 3–33). As Dorival tells us in the first note, this is a translation of his essay in <a href="https://www.academia.edu/10275682/R_GOUNELLE_J_JOOSTEN_%C3%A9ds_La_Bible_juive_dans_l_Antiquit%C3%A9_Prahins_CH_Editions_du_Z%C3%A8bre_Histoire_du_Texte_Biblique_9_2014_271_pages">this book</a>. I'll have more to say about this essay in a future post. </p><p>Chapter 2, "The Septuagint and the Issue of the Canon" (pp. 34–47). Dorival rejects the Alexandrian Canon hypothesis. He argues that some Jews before the turn of the era had a category of books that were not read publicly but rather privately, and that this category influenced the reception of the deuterocanonical books in Christianity. </p><p>Chapter 3, "Is the Septuagint the Old Testament of the New Testament?" (pp. 51–68). The answer is "yes, with caveats," the biggest caveats being that not every quotation aligns with OG. </p><p>Chapter 4, "Was the Text of the Septuagint Christianized?" (pp. 69–91). This was a good chapter. The assumption among some scholars for some time has been that LXX manuscripts were occasionally Christianized, in the sense that OT verses quoted in a variant form in the NT were adapted in the LXX to align with the NT form of the verse. This view has been challenged, and Dorival joins that challenge here. He shows how little of the LXX can be said to have been Christianized. But he doesn't limit himself to OT verses quoted in the NT. He deals first with the insertion of actual Christian content into the LXX, which does occasionally happen, such as the interpolation of Rom 3:12–13 into the text of Psalm 13 in the majority of manuscripts, and the Christian texts (such as from Luke) in the Odes. As for the the OT quotations in the NT, Dorival examined the ones in the Psalms (25 total) and found that hardly any Christianization had occurred in many manuscripts of the LXX, with only the debated quotation of LXX Psa 39:7b being found in the majority of LXX manuscripts in its "Christian" form (if this form is not, indeed, the OG). </p><p>Chapter 5, "Is the Septuagint the Old Testament of the Church Fathers?" (pp. 95–116). Here Dorival answers the question "yes and no." While the LXX served the majority of Greek and Latin Fathers as their OT, this was not usually true for Syriac-speaking Christians, and even Greek- and Latin-speaking Christians recognized that the LXX was a translation of the Hebrew and sometimes needed to be understood—or even corrected—according to the Hebrew or a closer translation of it. In his concluding chapter's summary of Chapter 5, he wraps up by saying: "In sum, whilst the domination of the Septuagint in patristic times is a fact, it requires qualification" (p. 178). I would like to think that <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hebrew_Scripture_in_Patristic_Biblical_T/1_kn-zz6LzAC?hl=en&gbpv=0">my dissertation</a> had some influence on Dorival's thinking here; he does cite it a time or two. </p><p>Chapter 6, "The Vocabulary of the Septuagint and the Church Fathers" (pp. 117–31). Dorival summarizes Swete's presentation and updates it. </p><p>And as I mentioned, the last two chapters introduce the catenae. </p><p>Chapter 7, "An Overview of the Catenae" (pp. 135–54)</p><p>Chapter 8, "The Catenae and the Septuagint" (pp. 155–70)</p>Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-82990600017424450192022-01-12T11:27:00.000-06:002022-01-12T11:27:06.720-06:00Moberly on von Rad, and Augustine<p>In preparation for an upcoming course, I've been reading R. W. L. Moberly, <i><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/theology-of-the-book-of-genesis/FD8D9B82E904E55D1424583B423B68F1#:~:text=in%20contemporary%20culture.-,R.%20W.%20L.,religious%20violence%20and%20Christian%20Zionism.">The Theology of the Book of Genesis</a></i> (Cambridge, 2009), which is, of course, wonderful. Of the two chapters that deal with the call of Abraham (Gen 12:1–3), the first concerns the correct construal of the blessing formula in Genesis 12:3. God promises Abraham, "in you all the families of the earth shall..." what? Be blessed? Bless themselves? Is Abraham being charged with becoming a source of blessing for others, or a model of others' blessing formulae? Is this some sort of a missionary text, as if Abraham is called by God for a purpose, to bring blessing to the world? Or is this a promise of divine protection and blessing, that Abraham will become so prosperous that others will use his name as they bless people: "May you become as prosperous as Abraham!"? </p><p>It is quite common for Christians to read the text in the first way, as a quasi-missionary text, and Moberly cites some heavy-hitters favoring this reading: Westermann, Childs, Christopher Wright, Bauckham. Moberly himself argues for the other reading, that Abraham's name will be used in the blessing formulae of others, and he cites Gunkel as a proponent of a rather negative version of this second reading strategy. </p><p>The scholar with whom Moberly interacts most in this chapter is Gerhard von Rad. Moberly quotes a long passage from von Rad's Genesis commentary, a quotation that takes up more than a page of Moberly's text (pp. 142–44), and then he quotes von Rad again for about half a page. Von Rad was a proponent of the missional reading, and von Rad connected the call of Abraham very strongly to the New Testament. Moberly argues against von Rad's position. But rejection is not Moberly's last word on von Rad's interpretation. </p><blockquote><p>Von Rad's original formulation of the significance of the Yahwist and Genesis 12:1–3 was in the context of 1930s Nazi Germany, and his specific situation was as a member of the Confessing Church working at the University of Jena, where National Socialist policies were strongly promoted. [Moberly cites <a href="https://www.academia.edu/207701/The_Metamorphosis_of_Law_into_Gospel_Gerhard_von_Rads_Attempt_to_Reclaim_the_Old_Testament_for_the_Church">this essay</a>.] In such a context, where the authorities degraded the Old Testament and denied any positive enduring significance to it, von Rad's work was a profound and imaginatively serious contribution; his argument for strong continuity between the Old and New Testaments is an argument that is intrinsic to Christian faith and was particularly timely as a Christian Old Testament scholar's response to Nazi ideology. By contrast, Gunkel's reading of God's call and promises as an example of Israel's rather inflated sense of self-importance would in no way have made any (would-be) Nazi or anti-Semite think twice. Good theological interpretation of the Old Testament is not necessarily that which might aspire to be recognized as correct in any time or any place; rather, part of its rightness may be <i>specific and contextual</i>, in its ability to articulate biblical priorities in relation to particular situations of need. To say this is not to prioritize relevance over accuracy, but rather to recognize, with the sociology of knowledge, that human understanding and insight depend on many factors other than pure reason and do not achieve finality in any one situation. (pp. 158–59)</p></blockquote><p>There is a lot in this paragraph that calls for reflection, and I'm thinking particularly of the way Moberly here formulates the task of theological interpretation. For now I want merely to put Moberly's interpretation of von Rad in conversation with Augustine. </p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So anyone who thinks that he has understood the divine scriptures or any part of them, but cannot by his understanding build up this double love of God and neighbour, has not yet succeeded in understanding them. Anyone who derives from them an idea which is useful for supporting this love but fails to say what the writer demonstrably meant in the passage has not made a fatal error, and is certainly not a liar. (</span><i style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">De Doctrina Christiana</i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1.86, trans. </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Christian-Teaching-St-Augustine/dp/0199540632" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Green</a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></blockquote><p></p><p>Putting Moberly's reading of von Rad's interpretation next to Augustine's hermeneutical advice suggests that von Rad's incorrect interpretation of Gen 12:3 was more correct than a correct interpretation might have been. Of course, there were probably ways of articulating the "correct" interpretation more "lovingly" than did Gunkel (e.g., Moberly's own articulation of it), but one wonders how imaginable such an articulation would have been in von Rad's context. </p>Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-16428986624887156212020-05-05T14:19:00.000-05:002020-05-05T14:19:11.680-05:00Bickerman on Reviews of His Book<blockquote class="tr_bq">
On this occasion many slips of previous editions have been tacitly corrected. It is a pity that the reviewers of my book preferred to praise it instead of pointing to its faults. </blockquote>
--E. J. Bickerman, "Preface," in <i>Chronology of the Ancient World</i>, 2d ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 7. Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-58157674080697968432020-04-09T21:13:00.000-05:002020-04-09T21:13:06.294-05:00The Origins of the Use of the Term 'Canon' to Refer to Classical WorksThese days, we use the word "canon" in many different contexts in reference to collections of authentic or superior works. If a work is in the Shakespeare canon, that basically means that Shakespeare wrote it (it's authentic or correctly attributed). If something is in the American literary canon, that means it was written by an American and is of superior quality. (Of course, there's not any official list of the American literary canon.) About the Harry Potter canon or the Star Wars canon—in which cases the creators are very conscious of creating canonical works—we might debate what counts as canon, and who gets to decide (and who cares). Anyway, we use the term canon for a lot of different things.<br />
<br />
Such usage reflects the earlier use of the term "canon" in reference to classical Greek authors: the canon of Greek poets, or the canon of Greek orators. How early is this use of the word "canon"?<br />
<br />
In his book on the New Testament canon, Bruce Metzger has a very helpful appendix on the development of the word canon (and you can read the whole thing <a href="https://archive.org/details/OUPBruceM.MetzgerTheCanonOfTheNewTestamentItsOriginDevelopmentAndSignificance_201708/page/n293/mode/2up">here</a>). At the bottom of p. 289, Metzger mentions the use of the Greek word κανών by Aristotle and others with the significance of "criterion" or some such, not in reference to literary works. Then Metzger says:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
With reference to literature and style, the grammarians of Alexandria gave the name κανών to the collection of classical works deemed worthy of being followed as models because of the purity of their language. (pp. 289–90)</blockquote>
Metzger goes on to give further examples of "canon" meaning "standard," but not in reference to literature, but in reference to spears or music or epochs or whatever.<br />
<br />
But Metzger was wrong about the earliest use of the word "canon" in reference to literature. The grammarians of Alexandria did not, in fact, use the word κανών for any collection of classical works. Such usage of "canon" came only very much later, in 1768, in a work of David Ruhnken. Here's the citation: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">David Ruhnken, “Historia critica oratorum Graecorum,” in </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">P. Rutilii Lupi: De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis Duo Libri</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (Lyons: Samuel and Joannes Luchtmans, 1768), xxxiii–c, at xcv. </span>And this one you can also see <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_RoUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR16&lpg=PR16&dq=david+ruhnken+rutilii&source=bl&ots=DLGnT2DdsT&sig=ACfU3U3PjqmlOuHoZgqedNwlpz43AUn-Mw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIyfrB3b3nAhUlU98KHdZLCN0Q6AEwD3oECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">online</a>.<br />
<br />
Here's the description of this development by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Pfeiffer">Rudolph Pfeiffer</a> in the first volume of his <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_classical_scholarship_from_th.html?id=AoN4AAAAIAAJ">History of Classical Scholarship</a></i> (Oxford, 1968). He begins talking about the way classical Greek works were labeled by the Alexandrian grammarians.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The complete repertories were called <i>πίνακες</i> (indexes); but there was no corresponding Greek or Latin word for the selective lists. In the year A.D. 1768 the term 'canon' was coined for them by David Ruhnken, when he wrote: 'Ex magna oratorum copia tamquam in canonem decem dumtaxat rettulerunt' (sc. Aristarchus et Aristophanes Byzantius). Then Ruhnken dropped the cautious 'tamquam' and went on calling all the selective lists 'canones'. His coinage met with worldwide and lasting success, as the term was found to be so convenient; one has the impression that most people who use it believe that this usage is of Greek origin. But <i>κανών</i> was never used in this sense, nor would this have been possible. From its frequent use in ethics <i>κανών</i> always retained the meaning of rule or model. Aristophanes' grammatical observations about analogy in declension could be called <i>κανόνες</i>, rules, or a certain author and his style could be described as <i>κανών</i>, a model or exemplar. So it was not by the ancient, but it could have been by the Biblical, tradition that the catachrestic use of canon was suggested to Ruhnken. Though the Biblical canon does not mean a list of writers, it does mean a list of books of the Bible accepted by the Christian church as genuine and inspired; and this usage was and is current in all the modern languages. (p. 207) </blockquote>
Pfeiffer correctly refers to the usage of "canon" in reference to the Bible. This usage does go back to antiquity, to the work by Athanasius called <i>De Decretis</i> 18.3, written about the year 350, in which Athanasius says that the Shepherd of Hermas is not in the canon. More famously, in his 39th Festal Letter from about a decade and a half later (367), Athanasius uses the participle κανονιζόμενος ("canonized") in reference to the list of authoritative books. Since then, the word "canon" has been commonly used in reference to the Bible, but apparently not in reference to other literary works until 1768.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-62871223773548874042020-02-27T17:14:00.000-06:002020-02-27T17:14:14.120-06:00Enoch in Alexandrinus? The answer is no.<br />
<br />
The question is: does Codex Alexandrinus contain the book of Enoch?<br />
<br />
I just received the new <i>Introduction to the Septuagint</i> from Baylor UP, edited by Siegfried Kreuzer, a translation of the German published in 2016. Kreuzer starts with a long introduction (pp. 3–56) on "The Origins and Transmission of the Septuagint."<br />
<br />
I was surprised by this statement:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
...the Codex Alexandrinus also contains the book of Enoch. (p. 20)</blockquote>
For anyone who knows anything about the transmission of the Enoch materials, this statement is obviously wrong. There is no such thing as "the book of Enoch" in Greek, if we mean by that term what we usually mean by "the book of Enoch" = <i>1 Enoch</i>. That composite work exists (or, let us say, is attested) only in Ethiopic. (Ancient Christians did sometimes refer to a "book of Enoch," but they weren't talking about the composite work <i>1 Enoch</i>.) So, at least it's careless wording. But also I didn't remember that any of the individual Enoch booklets appeared in the fifth-century Codex Alexandrinus. So I turned to ch. 6 of <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpg4DwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">this very handy book</a>, which contains a list of the contents of Codex Alexandrinus, and confirmed that Enoch appears nowhere in the manuscript. <br />
<br />
Kreuzer's footnote attached to the above-quoted sentence reads, in part:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
... in the edition by Swete, which adheres strictly to the Codex Vaticanus ... [he has placed at the end some material from Codex Alexandrinus]; as a result, the Wisdom of Solomon, Enoch, and the Odes can also be found there. (pp. 20–21n56)</blockquote>
What to make of that?<br />
<br />
Of course, Wisdom of Solomon does appear in Codex Vaticanus, so there would be no reason for Swete to take it from Alexandrinus. Kreuzer means the Psalms of Solomon, which does appear at the end of Swete's edition, in an appendix.<br />
<br />
Now, in the first edition of Swete's edition (<a href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestamenting03swet/page/n5/mode/2up">vol. 3, 1894</a>), Enoch is nowhwere. After 1–4 Maccabees (taken from Alexandrinus because of their absence from Vaticanus), there is bonus material: Psalms of Solomon (p. 765, taken from a minuscule) and the Odes (taken from Alexandrinus).<br />
<br />
In the second edition of Swete (<a href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestamenting00presgoog/page/n5/mode/2up">vol. 3, 1899</a>), the bonus material now includes Enoch in between the Psalms of Solomon and the Odes (which held true for <a href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestgreek00unknuoft/page/n7/mode/2up">subsequent editions</a>). But Enoch is not taken from Alexandrinus, which contains no Enoch material. Swete explains on p. xvii where he got the text from: Codex Panopolitanus (= Akhmim Manuscript) and a few other sources.<br />
<br />
I wonder if the confusion arose from an earlier statement by Swete (p. vi), introducing the bonus material at the end of the volume.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The Books of Maccabees are followed by three collections which, if they cannot in strictness be said to belong to the Greek Old Testament, have some peculiar claims to a place at the close of the Alexandrian Bible. </blockquote>
By "Alexandrian Bible," Swete meant the Septuagint, not Codex Alexandrinus, but perhaps someone misunderstood?<br />
<br />
I also wonder whether the same problems—the attribution of Enoch to Codex Alexandrinus and the confusion of Wisdom of Solomon with Psalms of Solomon—appear in the German edition. I do not have access to it to check.<br />
<br />
I do appreciate this introduction by Kreuzer. I might have some more to say about it later.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-84892839443529673482019-04-10T09:33:00.002-05:002019-04-10T09:33:38.192-05:00"Let Doubt (or, rather, certainty?) Prevail!"<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">I love this quotation from Bertrand Russell that you can find in various spots on the internet. </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the painful things about our time is that those who feel certainty are stupid, and those with any imagination and understanding are filled with doubt and indecision.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8e1b05-7fff-4919-b60c-43390f60db0b"></span></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is from a radio address presented by Russell in 1953, “Present Perplexities,” part of his radio series, “Living in an Atomic Age.” You can hear Russell read that line</span><a href="https://www.otrcat.com/p/living-in-an-atomic-age" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">here</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in the sample on the right, or at</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUBIVaRj6_w" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">YouTube</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, at about the 4:20 mark. The essay is printed in various collections, usually under the title “Current Perplexities.” </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I came across this quotation of Russell while listening to a</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> speech (in a debate) by Stephen Fry, who introduced the quotation by saying: “I would like this quotation from my hero Bertrand Russell to hover over the evening” (see</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ST6kj9OEYf0" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">here</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 36:10 mark). After he reads the quotation, Fry exclaims, “Let doubt prevail!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But it seems that Fry has undermined the point that his hero was trying to make. Russell's comment was not a criticism of certainty; it was a lament that in his day it seemed that only stupid people enjoyed certainty. </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is worth noting that Russell considered this aspect of his time “painful,” and he immediately follows the section quoted with the words, “I do not think this is necessary.” He goes on to exude certainty with the intention of overcoming the “present perplexities.” Russell more-or-less exclaims, "Let certainty (for smart people) prevail!" </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of course, both Fry and Russell are complex thinkers whose views cannot be boiled down to a single battle cry. But it is interesting how a lament from Russell became a precept for Fry. </span></div>
Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-88441739158318345982019-03-19T06:01:00.000-05:002019-03-19T06:04:03.608-05:00The Old Testament and ChristianitySome of my thoughts <a href="https://overthinkingchristian.com/2019/03/17/does-the-ot-portray-a-god-of-wrath-a-conversation-with-ed-gallagher/">here</a> in an interview on the <i>Overthinking Christian</i> blog. My thanks to Paul Moldovan for asking me to participate. <br />
<br />
Here's a taste:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Exo 2", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 32.4px; margin-bottom: 1.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;">Many Christians have the view that the OT focuses on God’s wrath while the NT on God’s love. What, if anything, is wrong with such a picture?</strong></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Exo 2", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 32.4px; margin-bottom: 1.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;">Ed:</strong> Well, let’s see, what would the evidence for such a view be, i.e., that the OT is more concerned with wrath and the NT more concerned with love? It’s not too hard to imagine how people who hold this view would support it. There are a lot of pretty specific laws in the OT, 613 of them according to the traditional Jewish reckoning, and some of these laws have pretty severe punishments attached to them—such as, “Whoever curses his father or his mother must be put to death” (Exod 21:17; Lev 20:9). God seems concerned in the OT about stuff like what people eat (Lev 11; Deut 14), and whether or not they wear clothes made of multiple materials (Lev 19:19; Deut 21:11). And, of course, he commands the genocide of the Canaanites (Deut 7:2; 20:16–18) and Amalekites (1 Sam 15:3). On the other hand, the New Testament presents a Jesus who is all about love (Mark 12:28:–34) and acceptance (Mark 2:13–17; Luke 7:36–50; 14:21; 19:9–10), against the hypocritical Pharisees who like to exclude people from God’s love (Matt 23:13). In the Old Testament, God is jealous (Exod 34:14); in the New Testament, God is love (1 John 4:7).<br />
This is a caricature. </blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; line-height: 32.4px; margin-bottom: 1.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Read the rest </span><a href="https://overthinkingchristian.com/2019/03/17/does-the-ot-portray-a-god-of-wrath-a-conversation-with-ed-gallagher/">here</a><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">.</span></span></div>
Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-21238127783160534702018-12-10T20:23:00.000-06:002018-12-10T20:23:03.012-06:00Was Jerome Gay? When in Rome...The Wikipedia entry on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome">Jerome</a>, as of 10 December 2018, has the following information at the beginning of its section on the saint's life.<br />
<br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-9d25cb6b-7fff-1748-eb38-b5f41b41e775"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="220" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/b8SIXJIBrIkD1-im49MWSaDCZBRlcOUPvG7uQiFw_jRglpqZsT9nxXRygeJGecOI5wo0merXiWbqNMbzXJBTj6aRUSRsfT7duP_hP3PvENkN5dX6fOsWQRd9EAPcPFr4gitvrZDY" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></span><br />
The start of the second paragraph says that in Jerome's school days at Rome, "he engaged in the superficial escapades and homosexual behaviour of students there, which he indulged in quite casually but for which he suffered terrible bouts of guilt afterwards."<br />
<br />
That was intriguing to me. I had never heard this before, though I have read some of Jerome and some scholarship on him. J. N. D. Kelly's <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6DgJAQAAIAAJ&q=j.+n.+d.+kelly+jerome&dq=j.+n.+d.+kelly+jerome&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimr4qqjJbfAhUsneAKHXO3Aj8Q6AEIKDAA">authoritative biography</a> mentions nothing about it. Kelly does summarize for us the evidence from Jerome's writings leading to the conclusion: "Jerome's student days were marked by sexual adventures to which he was afterwards to look back with loathing" (p. 21).<br />
<br />
The Wikipedia entry fortunately provides a reference for the source of the information on Jerome's homosexual activities in Rome. Footnote 14 cites Robert Payne, <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0JjmQEACAAJ&dq=robert+payne+western+church&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPldjrjZbfAhXvdN8KHdFKC0oQ6AEIKDAA">The Fathers of the Western Church</a></i>, originally published in 1951, pp. 90–92. Only one section of those three pages has anything whatsoever to do with Jerome's sexual adventures in Rome. I quote it below without comment.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
A spare, pale youth with large eyes, country bred, he came to Rome only to meet the horrors he thought he had left behind. Sex tormented him. His friend Rufinus was baptized "pure as the driven snow," but of himself he said he had sinned "with unclean lips and with the eyes and with the foot and with the hand and with all his members," and he added that he deserved a second baptism of fire because he had defiled his baptismal robe, meaning simply that he had defiled his body, for in those days the candidate for baptism stood naked before the priest. Caught up in the gay activities of the students, he seems to have sinned quite casually and then to have suffered terrible bouts of repentance: at such times, like many others who were conscious of their sins, he would visit on Sundays the sepulchers of the martyrs and the apostles in the catacombs, and he remembered the horror of it when he was an old man. (p. 91)</blockquote>
Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-71023054343308047752018-08-07T15:19:00.003-05:002018-08-07T15:22:06.922-05:00The Prayer of Manasseh in Latin, and Stephen Langton<span style="font-family: inherit;">I recently came across this comment from Stephen Langton (d. 1228) in regard to the Prayer of Manasseh and its position at the end of the books of Chronicles: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i style="font-family: inherit;">Hic oracio non est in Hebraica ueritate, nec in Regum nec in Paralipomenon, sed hic interserit eam Ieronimus</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (“this prayer is not in the Hebrew truth, neither in Kings nor Chronicles, but Jerome inserted it here”). </span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Let me provide some context. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Prayer of Manasseh is one of those documents in the <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2018/07/the-vulgate-appendix.html">Vulgate Appendix</a>. It was excluded from the biblical canon by the Council of Trent in 1546, even though it had occupied a place in biblical manuscripts and editions of the Vulgate prior to the Council. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
(Actually, I'm not exactly sure how we know that the Council excluded the Prayer. I mean, the Council doesn't mention it in <a href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">the canon list</a>, but then I don't guess you'd really expect the Prayer to get an independent mention if it's thought of as only an appendix to Chronicles. After all, Lamentations wasn't mentioned by the Council either, but I don't think anyone suspects that the Council intended to exclude Lamentations. It was just considered an appendix to Jeremiah. At any rate, the Prayer has not been considered a part of the Roman Catholic biblical canon established by the Council, while Lamentations has been so considered.) </span><br />
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You can see that Gutenberg located the Prayer immediately after Chronicles (<a href="https://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/search.asp">fol. 226r</a>), though here it doesn't appear so much as an appendix as a separate work, similar to the way Esdras appears just afterwards. Same in <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEo8AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">this edition</a> of the Vulgate edited by Jan Henten with a date of 1583 (first published 1547, described by Gordon and Cameron in <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpbsDAAAQBAJ&dq=johannes+hentenius+biblia+sacra&source=gbs_navlinks_s">NCHB 3</a>, pp. 192–93). And in the <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-clfAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Vatable Bible</a> published by Stephanus 1545 (the link is to vol. 2; see vol. 1 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MlfAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">here</a>; described by Gordon and Cameron on p. 191).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">On the other hand, here's an example of a Paris Bible (<a href="https://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3821964">Beinecke Yale MS 793</a>) from the thirteenth century, and the Prayer does appear without any break as the conclusion to Chronicles. The Prayer starts on fol. 210r, at the bottom right. You can see that someone later has marked the start of the Prayer, but originally its text was continuous with Chronicles. An <i>explicit</i> appears on the other side of the page after the Prayer, and an <i>inicipit</i> introduces Esdras (or, actually, Jerome's <i>Prologue to Esdras</i>, with the biblical text beginning on the next page). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In this next example, <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10032204t">Paris BNF latin 15467</a> from the year 1270, it is even harder to distinguish between the end of Chronicles and the Prayer. The Prayer begins in the middle of line 13 in the left column of <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10032204t/f220.item">image 220</a>. Again, immediately after the Prayer, Jerome's <i>Prologue to Esdras</i> starts at the top of the next column.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Anyway, from what I hear, the Prayer of Manasseh started to appear in Latin Bibles only in about the 13th century, so these Paris Bibles are early examples, at least as preserved. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">What about before the 13th century? </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Well, the Prayer was translated into Latin from Greek, of course. Now, if you pick up your Rahlfs(-Hanhart) edition of the LXX, you will not find the Prayer listed in the Table of Contents, but you will find a work called the Odes immediately after the Psalms. The Odes consists mostly of excerpts from other parts of the Bible: Ode 1 is the Song of the Sea (Exod 15), Ode 2 is the Song of Moses (Deut 32), Ode 6 is the Prayer of Jonah (Jonah 2), Odes 7–8 are the (deuterocanonical) Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men (Daniel 3). And Ode 12 is the Prayer of Manasseh. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">(The <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/rsr/2497">essential book</a> now on the Odes is by Marguerite Harl (2014). The sequence of the odes is arbitrary, and differs according to manuscripts. The earliest surviving manuscript to include the Odes is Alexandrinus. You can take a look <a href="http://www.csntm.org/Manuscript/View/GA_02">here</a> = CSNTM's digital images of the nineteenth-century facsimile by Thompson. The Prayer is Ode 8 in Alexandrinus, and starts at the bottom right of what is labeled in the manuscript as fol. 567 = image <span style="background-color: white;">GA_02_0557a.jpg.)</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It was as part of a similar collection of odes (cantica) that the Prayer of Manasseh first came to be known in Latin. While we know that such collections of canticles were around in Latin from at least the fourth century, the Prayer of Manasseh is clearly attested only from the sixth century, in the commentary on the Canticles by Bishop Verecundus of Junca, such an important author that he merits <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verecundus_of_Junca">two</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verecundus_of_Iunca">separate</a> Wikipedia pages. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">But Stephen Langton thought that Jerome was responsible for locating the Prayer after Chronicles, as you can see from the quotation at the top of this post.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Langton (main subject of only </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Langton" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">a single Wikipedia page</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">) is most famous generally for his role in the situation leading to the Magna Carta, but he is also well-known to biblical scholars for popularizing our present </span><a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2014/05/chapter-divisions-in-bible.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">chapter divisions</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">. He </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">wrote many biblical commentaries, of which few have been printed. But the beginning of his commentary on the Prayer of Manasseh has been printed by Beryl Smalley in </span></span>G. Lacombe and B. Smalley, “Studies on the Commentaries of Cardinal Stephen Langton,” <i>Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge</i> 5 (1930): 1–220, on p. 158 (available <a href="http://g.%20lacombe%20and%20b.%20smalley%2C%20%E2%80%9Cstudies%20on%20the%20commentaries%20of%20cardinal%20stephen%20langton%2C%E2%80%9D%20archives%20d%E2%80%99histoire%20doctrinale%20et%20litt%C3%A9raire%20du%20moyen%20%C3%A2ge%205%20%281930%29/">here</a>). The comment I quoted at the beginning of this post can be found there.<br />
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I'm left with some questions? Did Langton not know about Bibles that excluded the Prayer? Did he not realize that it was only during his own lifetime that the Prayer came to be located after Chronicles? Or did he think that this recent habit restored a long-abandoned practice introduced by Jerome?<br />
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Just for the record, we have no evidence suggesting that Jerome was familiar with the Prayer of Manasseh.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-64203590823917881522018-08-04T11:29:00.000-05:002018-08-04T11:29:28.634-05:00On Reading the Bible Wrong<blockquote class="tr_bq">
If you read the Bible and it makes you feel warm and cozy inside, you may be sure that you are reading it wrong. </blockquote>
--a comment attributed to James A. Sanders by Beverly Roberts Gaventa, <i>When in Romans: An Invitation to Linger with the Gospel according to Paul</i> (Grands Rapids: Baker, 2016), 26 n. 5. Gaventa says she heard Sanders make this comment while she was a student at New York's Union Theological Seminary in the 1970s. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Roberts_Gaventa">Wikipedia</a>, Gaventa received her MDiv from Union in 1973. Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-52981527909050660572018-07-27T16:05:00.000-05:002018-07-27T16:05:52.489-05:00Did Jerome Designate Tobit and Judith 'Apocrypha' or 'Agiographa'? This week I received the newly published Sources chrétiennes (no. 592) volume containing the <i>Préfaces aux livres de la Bible</i> by Jerome, edited under the directorship of <a href="http://www.hisoma.mom.fr/annuaire/canellis-aline">Aline Canellis</a>. Along with all of the Jerome's biblical prefaces—in both Latin and French—this volume contains a 200-page introduction surveying the context of Jerome's translation work. To give you an idea of the types of things she treats, here is a list of the major headings in the introduction.<br />
<br />
Le contexte de l'entreprise hiéronymienne (pp. 53–76)<br />
L'entreprise de Jérôme (pp. 77–201)<br />
--Révisions et retour à l'<i>Hebraica veritas</i> (pp. 77–156)<br />
--La méthode de traduction de Jérôme (pp. 157–64)<br />
--Le genre des préfaces et les lecteurs visés (pp. 165–201)<br />
Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate (pp. 201–25)<br />
La présente édition (pp. 226–47)<br />
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The last major part of the section titled "Révisions et retour à l'<i>Hebraica veritas</i>" deals with Jerome's views on the biblical canon, a subject of interest for me. Most of Canellis' treatment of Jerome's views on the canon are standard and unobjectionable, and she provides a helpful overview with good French bibliography.<br />
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But this post concerns a fairly minor point upon which I want to register disagreement: whether Jerome's Prefaces to Tobit and Judith refer to these books as <i>apocrypha</i> or as <i>agiographa</i>.<br />
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Canellis argues first that Jerome has two definitions for the term <i>apocrypha</i> (pp. 134–39). Sometimes he uses the word in a negative sense to refer to heretical books, and sometimes he uses it in a neutral sense to refer to useful books that are not in the canon. This latter sense appears—according to Canellis—in the Prologus Galeatus and in the Prefaces to Tobit and Judith.<br />
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I don't think so. I fully agree that Jerome often uses the term <i>apocrypha</i> in a negative sense to refer to heretical books. I would also argue (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/5983174/_Writings_Labeled_Apocrypha_in_Latin_Patristic_Sources_in_Sacra_Scriptura_Bloomsbury_2014_">and have argued</a>) that this meaning for the term <i>apocrypha</i> was very common in Jerome's day, the normal meaning. In fact, it is this usual definition of the term <i>apocrypha </i>that colors the way I interpret its appearance in the Prologus Galeatus. It seems to me that in that preface, Jerome could not be relying on some obscure neutral definition of the word, but rather he assumed the nearly universal negative definition, and that was the point: the books that were sometimes added to the Christian Old Testament beyond the Jewish canon were <i>apocrypha</i>, in the negative sense. It's a strong statement, polemical, pejorative, basically rhetorical, because Jerome didn't really regard these books—Tobit and Judith and Maccabees and Sirach and Wisdom of Solomon—as dangerous or heretical, but he was offering an exaggerated negative view of these books in order to make the point that they do not belong in the canon. I've developed these ideas further <a href="https://www.academia.edu/2627596/_The_Old_Testament_Apocrypha_in_Jeromes_Canonical_Theory_Journal_of_Early_Christian_Studies_20_2012_">here</a> and <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4307125/_Jeromes_Prologus_Galeatus_and_the_OT_Canon_of_North_Africa_Studia_Patristica_69_2013_">here</a>.<br />
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As for the examples from Jerome's Prefaces to Tobit and Judith, I do not believe these examples are valid because the manuscript evidence strongly supports the reading <i>agiographa</i> in both prefaces over against <i>apocrypha</i>. I've <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2012/05/are-tobit-and-judith-among-apocrypha-or.html">posted</a> on this issue before, and I've published an <a href="https://www.academia.edu/14345165/_Why_Did_Jerome_Translate_Tobit_and_Judith_Harvard_Theological_Review_108_2015_356_75">article</a> on it. Both of the major editions of the Vulgate—the Roman edition and the Stuttgart edition—print the word 'agiographa' in the text, though Migne's edition from the mid-nineteenth century printed the word <i>apcrypha</i>. You can read about Migne in that post I mentioned.<br />
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Canellis prefers the reading <i>apcrypha</i> in these prefaces for two main reasons (pp. 139–41). (1) Jerome elsewhere uses the term <i>agiographa</i> only in reference to the third section of the Jewish canon, i.e., as the Latin equivalent for the Ketuvim or Writings (see, e.g., the Prologus Galeatus). Why would he use the same word in a different sense in the same sort of context (= discussions of scriptural canon)? (2) One can easily imagine a scribe confusing the Greek letters ΓΙ and Π, and thereby writing ΑΓΙΟΓΡΑΦΑ instead of ΑΠΟΚΡΥΦΑ. I'm not sure I really understand this argument. Is Canellis assuming that the <i>Vorlage</i> that created confusion for the Latin scribe had the Greek word in Greek characters in Jerome's Latin preface? I don't know. The preface to Tobit as it appears in Codex Amiatinus (ca. 700) does not use Greek characters (see <a href="http://mss.bmlonline.it/s.aspx?Id=AWOS3h2-I1A4r7GxMdaR#/oro/1401">here</a>), nor does it in the Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate. On the other hand, the Stuttgart Vulgate does use Greek letters for this word in the Prologus Galeatus, as does Amiatinus (<a href="http://mss.bmlonline.it/s.aspx?Id=AWOS3h2-I1A4r7GxMdaR#/oro/435">here</a>), though neither of them use Greek letters for <i>apocrypha</i> in the Prologus Galeatus.<br />
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But she's right that if the word <i>Agiographa</i> appears in the prefaces to Tobit and Judith—as attested in nearly all manuscripts—then Jerome must have been using the word in a sense different from the one he used in the Prologus Galeatus, since we cannot think that Jerome meant that Tobit and Judith featured in the Jewish Ketuvim. But she seems to not remember that she has already proposed that Jerome uses the term <i>apocrypha</i> in two different senses. As far as I can see, either Jerome uses the term <i>apocrypha</i> in two different sense or he uses the term <i>agiographa</i> in two different senses, so we can't score points either way on Jerome's consistent terminology. But I think it more likely that Jerome varied in his meaning for the term <i>agiographa</i> simply because this word was much less common, without an established definition. Canellis points out that Jerome doesn't use the word outside his biblical prefaces, and I have pointed out before that Jerome is the first one to use the term in Latin, and it is slow to catch on.<br />
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Moreover, I would think that a scribe would be more likely to change the rare word <i>agiographa</i> to the much more common <i>apocrypha</i>, whether in Greek or in Latin.<br />
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So I still think it makes more sense to agree with the manuscripts and major editions of the Vulgate and retain the reading <i>Agiographa</i> rather than <i>Apocrypha</i> in Jerome's Prefaces to Tobit and Judith.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-14451670334635005502018-07-23T21:58:00.001-05:002018-07-23T21:58:36.755-05:00The Vulgate AppendixIf you study much about the biblical canon in the Latin tradition, you will eventually run across a statement about how some books are in the appendix to the Vulgate. This type of thing is meant quite literally: if you get a hold of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Biblia-Sacra-Vulgata-Editio-quinta/dp/3438053039">the standard modern edition of the Latin Vulgate</a>, you can flip to the end (after the New Testament) and you will find an Appendix that includes the following books:<br />
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The Prayer of Manasseh<br />
3 Ezra (= LXX 1 Esdras)<br />
4 Ezra (= 2 Esdras in some English versions of the apocrypha)<br />
Psalm 151<br />
The Epistle to the Laodiceans<br />
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But, of course, these books did not constitute an "appendix" to the Vulgate in any ancient or medieval manuscripts of the Latin Bible. As far as I know, there was no such thing as an "appendix" to Latin biblical manuscripts. So, when someone talks about 3 Ezra as occupying a place in the appendix to the Vulgate, this could give quite a misleading impression. Such a statement is accurate only if the term "Vulgate" refers to a modern printed edition and not to anything that, for instance, Jerome would have recognized.<br />
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Where did the appendix come from? Well, I'm not completely sure, but I think that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine edition</a> from 1592 was the first to include an appendix.<br />
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The Sistine edition from 1590 did not include an appendix. It's available <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58819j/f1.item">here</a>, all three volumes. Vol. 1 ends with Job, vol. 2 ends with 2 Maccabees, and vol. 3 contains the NT and ends with Revelation. No appendix.<br />
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The Sixto-Clementine edition is available <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtv21mSctwsC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">here</a>. After the NT, there's an appendix with the Prayer of Manasseh and 3–4 Ezra. And there's a preface to the Appendix:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Oratio Manassa, necnon Libri duo, qui sub libri Tertii & Quarti Esdrae nomine circumferuntur, hoc in loco, extra scilicet seriem canonicorum Librorum, quos sancta Tridentina Synodus suscepit, & pro Canonicis suscipiendos decreuit, sepositi sunt, ne prorsus interirent, quippe qui a nonnullis sanctis Patribus interdum citantur, & in aliquibus Bibliis Latinis tam manuscriptis quam impressis reperiuntur. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The Prayer of Manasseh, as well as two books, which circulate under the name of the Third and Fourth Book of Ezra, are set aside in this place—that is, outside the series of canonical books, which the holy Tridentine Synod accepted, and determined should be taken up for canonical—lest they should perish completely, since they are sometimes cited by some of the holy Fathers, and they are found in some Latin books, both manuscript and printed. </blockquote>
As this note suggests, it was the decree on the biblical canon by the Council of Trent (1546) that created the situation in which it made some sense to print the Vulgate with an appendix containing non-canonical books. For it was only at Trent that the biblical canon was definitively settled. Thenceforth, editions of the Vulgate for a Roman Catholic readership would need to conform to the canon approved by Trent, and so it would no longer be appropriate to print the Prayer of Manasseh and 3–4 Ezra among the other biblical books, as the Gutenberg Bible had done, for instance. An edition of the Vulgate could completely omit any non-canonical works, as the Sistine edition had done, but the editors of the Sixto-Clementine edition were concerned that these venerable though non-canonical books might no longer be available, even though previous generations of Christian authors had sometimes referred to them.<br />
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Thus was born the Vulgate appendix.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-41820336679051838892018-06-25T10:36:00.000-05:002018-06-25T10:36:56.944-05:00Later Canon Lists (Latin): Rabanus MaurusBy "later" in the title of this post, I mean later than the fourth century. As for canon lists in the fourth century and earlier, I have <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Biblical-Canon-Lists-Early-Christianity/dp/0198792492/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1529804385&sr=8-1&keywords=biblical+canon+lists">dealt with them before</a>. Perhaps "later canon lists" will turn into a series of posts. We'll see. But as for this post, I'm presenting the canon list of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a>, the ninth-century monk who became the archbishop of Mainz.<br />
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The canon list of Rabanus appears in his work <i>De clericorum institutione</i>, which is "an instructional manual for clerics to ensure they would have a proper foundation for the studies that would enable them to fulfill their ecclesiastical duties" (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24wwDwAAQBAJ&dq=levy+introducing+medieval+biblical+interpretation&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Levy</a>, p. 59).<br />
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There is a <a href="http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503521503-1">recent</a> <a href="http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503521527-1">edition</a> of <i>De clericorum instituione</i>, with a German translation, edited by Detlev Zimpel. I have been able to access the Latin text of this edition through the <i>Library of Latin Texts</i> (Brepols), but I don't have the printed books, so I don't have access to the German translation or any notes included. Of course, there is also Migne's text (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhhi17dNp8kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">PL 107</a>), which is very close to Zimpel's text. The canon list appears in book 2, chapter 53, corresponding to Migne's columns 364–65.<br />
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Here's the Latin. By the way, the entire first paragraph is ripped straight out of Isidore, <i>De ecclesiasticis officiis </i>1.11.1–3.<br />
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Chapter 53, De libris duorum Testamentorum</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Pronuntiantur autem lectiones in Christi ecclesiis de Scripturis sanctis. Constat autem eadem sacra Scriptura ex veteri lege et nova. Vetus lex illa est, quae data est primum Iudaeis per Moysen et prophetas, quae dicitur Vetus Testamentum. Testamentum autem dicitur, quia idoneis testibus, utique a prophetis scriptum est atque signatum. Nova vero lex Evangelium est, quod dicitur Novum Testamentum, quod per ipsum Filium Dei Christum et per suos apostolos dedit. Illa lex vetus velut radix est, haec nova velut fructus ex radice. Ex lege enim venitur ad Evangelium. Siquidem Christus, qui hic manifestatus est, ante in lege praedictus est, immo ipse locutus in prophetis, sicut scriptum est: 'Qui loquebar, ecce adsum', legem praemittens velut infantibus paedagogum, Evangelium vero perfectum vitae magisterium iam adultis omnibus praestans. Ideo in illa operantibus bona terrae promittebantur, hic vero sub gratia ex fide viventibus regnum caeleste tribuitur. Evangelium autem dicitur bonum nuntium, et re vera bonum nuntium, ut qui susceperint filii Dei vocentur.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Hi sunt ergo libri Veteris Testamenti, quos ob amorem doctrinae et pietatis legendos recipiendosque Ecclesiarum principes tradiderunt. Primi namque legis, id est Moysi, libri quinque sunt: Genesis, Exodi, Levitici, Numeri, Deuteronomium. Hos secuntur historici libri sedecim, Iesu Nave scilicet et Iudicum libri singuli, sive Ruth, Regum etiam libri quatuor, Paralipomenon duo, Tobii quoque et Hesther et Iudith singuli, Aezrae duo et duo Machabaeorum. Super hos prophetici libri sedecim sunt: Isaias, Hieremias, Ezechiel et Daniel libri singuli, Duodecim quoque prophetarum libri singuli; et haec quidem prophetica sunt. Post haec versuum octo libri habentur, qui diverso apud Hebraeos metro scribuntur, id est: Job liber, et liber Psalmorum et Proverbiorum et Ecclesiastes et Cantica canticorum sive Sapientia et Ecclesiasticus, Lamentationesque Hieremiae. Sic quoque complentur libri Veteris Testamenti quadraginta quinque. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Novi autem Testamenti primum quatuor Evangelia sunt, Matthaei, Marci, Lucae, Iohannis. Hos quattuordecim Pauli apostoli epistolae sequuntur, quibus etiam subiunctae sunt septem catholicae epistolae: Iacobi, Petri, Iohannis et Iudae; Actus quoque duodecim Apostolorum, quorum omnium signaculum est Apocalypsis Iohannis, quod est revelatio Iesu Christi, qui omnes libros et tempore concludit et ordine. Hi sunt libri canonici septuaginta duo, et ob hoc Moyses septuaginta elegit presbiteros qui prophetarent; ob hoc et Iesus, Dominus noster, septuaginta duos discipulos praedicare mandavit. Et quoniam septuaginta duae linguae in hoc mundo erant diffusae, congrue providit Spiritus sanctus, ut tot libri essent, quot nationes, quibus populi et gentes ad perficiendam fidei gratiam aedifcarentur.</span><br />
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And here's an English translation.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">And lections from the holy Scriptures are read in the churches of Christ. And the same sacred Scripture consists of the old law and the new. The old law is what was given first to the Jews through Moses and the prophets, which is called the Old Testament. Now it is called a Testament because it was written and sealed by suitable witnesses (<i>testes</i>), indeed by the prophets. But the new law is the Gospel, which is called the New Testament, which he gave through the Son of God himself, the Christ, and his apostles. That old law is like a root, this new one is like fruit from the root. For from the law one goes on to the Gospel. Now Christ, who has been manifested here, previously in the law he was predicted. Actually he spoke in the prophets, as it is written: "I who was speaking, here I am (Isa 52:6), sending the law beforehand like a pedagogue for children, but now supplying to all adults the Gospel, the perfect instruction for life." Therefore, in that one [= the Law], the good things of the earth were promised to those who worked, but here to those living under grace from faith a heavenly kingdom is offered. But the Gospel is called good news, and it really is good news, so that those who accept it are called sons of God.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">So then these are the books of the Old Testament, which the leaders of the churches have handed down to be read and received on account of the love of doctrine and of piety. The first are five books of law, that is, of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. Sixteen historical books follow these: Jesus Nave and Judges, single books, and Ruth, and four books of Kings, two of Paralipomenon, Tobit and Esther and Judith, single books, two of Ezra and two of the Maccabees. Beyond these there are sixteen prophetic books: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel, single books, and also single books of the Twelve prophets, and these are prophetic. After these, there are eight books of verses, which are written among the Hebrews in a different meter, that is: the book of Job, and the book of Psalms and of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, and Songs of Songs as well as Wisdom and Ecclesiasticus, and the Lamentations of Jeremiah. Thus are completed the 45 books of the Old Testament. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Now of the New Testament, first are the four gospels, of Matthew, of Mark, of Luke, of John. Following these are the 14 epistles of Paul the apostle, to which also have been join seven catholic epistles: of James, of Peter, of John, and of Jude; and the Acts of the Twelve Apostles, and the seal of all of these is the Apocalypse of John, which is the Revelation of Jesus Christ, who concludes all the books in both time and order. These are the 72 canonical books, and for this reason Moses selected seventy elders who would prophesy [Num 11:25]; on account of this also Jesus, our Lord, commanded 72 disciples to preach [Luke 10:1]. And because 72 languages have been scattered in this world, the Holy spirit suitably provides that there are so many books as nations by which peoples and Gentiles might be edified for the grace of faith to be accomplished. </span><br />
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Notes:<br />
<br />
The NT canon = the usual list of 27 books, first attested by Athanasius, <i>Epistle</i> 39. No surprises.<br />
<br />
The OT canon = the Jewish canon + Tobit, Judith, 1–2 Maccabees, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach). And the books of Daniel and Esther no doubt include the deuterocanonical additions.<br />
<br />
There is no mention of Baruch, which is the other deuterocanonical book accepted at the Roman Catholic Council of Trent. During Rabanus' days, Jerome's translation of Jeremiah was becoming dominant, so it is possible—I would say likely—that Rabanus read an edition of Jeremiah without Baruch. Of course, the edition of Theodulf did include Baruch, but the edition of Alcuin did not. On these editions, see <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2018/06/theodulf-bibles.html">here</a>, and for much more on Baruch in Latin Bibles, start <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-book-of-baruch-in-manuscripts-of_14.html">here</a>. In this regard, it is interesting that Rabanus separates Lamentations from Jeremiah, putting it in the poetry section rather than the prophets section.<br />
<br />
Rabanus says there are 45 OT books. Roman Catholics today count 46, but if you take away Baruch, you get the 45 of Rabanus. Augustine had counted 44 books, but he didn't name Lamentations, no doubt because he considered it a part of the book of Jeremiah. (Augustine probably also considered Baruch a part of Jeremiah.)<br />
<br />
The next chapter (2.54) covers the authorship of the canonical books, and contains several interesting comments.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-32907426442243656642018-06-14T16:15:00.000-05:002018-06-14T16:15:11.847-05:00Theodulf BiblesTheodulf (760–821 CE; see <a href="http://books.openedition.org/cvz/2127">Ann Freeman's article</a>) became bishop of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans">Orléans</a> (75 miles south of Paris) in 797/8. He wrote in many genres: poems, letters, theological and liturgical treatises. Charlemagne died in 814, and his son, Louis the Pious, accused Theodulf of political intrigue, which led to Theodulf's resigning his see in 817. He died in 821 and was buried in Angers (125 miles west of Orléans), where he had spent most of his last years. Apparently, his principal work was the unattributed <i>Libri Carolini</i>, a polemical response to the Second Council of Nicaea (787). This work, written for Charlemagne, concentrated on criticizing the supposed position taken at Nicaea in regard to icons. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_Carolini">Wikipedia</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The work appears to have been very largely a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polemic">polemic</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> based on a misunderstanding of the actual position taken by the Byzantine church, which was quietly archived when this was realized, probably in Rome.</span></blockquote>
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(For more on the <i>Libri Carolini</i>, see this other article by <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2850291?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Ann Freeman</a>.)<br />
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Theodulf's revision was not the first during the reign of Charlemagne (see <a href="http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0327-50942006000100001">this article</a>).<br />
<br />
There were also:<br />
--Maurdramnus, abbot of Corbie (772–781). Five of twelve volumes survive at Amiens (90 miles north of Paris; <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">BM Amiens, <a href="http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?VUE_ID=1385655">6</a>, <a href="http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?VUE_ID=1385669">7</a>, <a href="http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?VUE_ID=1385680">9</a>, <a href="http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?VUE_ID=1385697">11</a> and <a href="http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/consult/consult.php?VUE_ID=1385699">12</a></span>). This is the first known example of the caroline minuscule.<br />
--Angilram, bishop of Metz (d. 791), who produced a single-volume Bible, a single manuscript preserved at Metz (200 miles east of Paris; Bibliothèque Municipale 7), but destroyed in 1944.<br />
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</div>
--Alcuin of York (c. 735–804), abbot at Tours (796–804), who produced the edition that became the most popular. Tours is 75 miles southwest of Orléans. There survive 18 complete and 28 incomplete pandects from the scriptorium at Tours, copied in the first half of the ninth century. The earliest of these is: St Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, 75 (<a href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0075/">images</a>). Another important one is the Bible of Moutier-Grandval, London, Add. 10546 (see <a href="http://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2013/07/a-carolingian-masterpiece-the-moutier-grandval-bible.html">here</a>). Alcuin's revision concentrated on issues of Latin grammar and style.</div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
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Theodulf wanted to attain the original translation from Jerome, the<span> </span><i>hebraica veritas</i>. Theodulf himself knew neither Hebrew nor Greek, but he had a good knowledge of the Latin manuscript tradition, and chose variants among the manuscripts. Variant readings he sometimes recorded in the margin. He continued this work of revision for the rest of his life. This is why the six preserved Theodulf Bibles each contains a different state of the revision. This fact also helps to establish relative dates for the six Bibles. </div>
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<br />
"Theodulf's text was continuously revised during his lifetime, and was conceived as an accessible reference work, and so he chose a very small, three column 61-line format, with quires of five leaves" (<a href="http://initiale.irht.cnrs.fr/biblio/5528">Ganz</a>, p. 53). </div>
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<br />
Each of Theodulf's six Bibles (except for the Le Puy Bible) is available in online digital images; references given below. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In chronological order: </div>
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<ol>
<li>Stuttgart, Württemburgische Landesbibliothek HB II, 16, deriving from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanz_Minster">Konstanz Cathedral</a>. This Bible lacks Gen 1:1–Lev 23:32; Josh 2:11–7:23; Baruch 6; Lamentations; Job; Psa 1:1–144:21; 2 Par 32:26–35:20; Sir 31:33–37:17; 1 Mac 1:27–3:56; 2 Mac 15:30–end. In the NT, all that remain are Paul's letters (including Hebrews), the letter of James, and 1 Pet 1:1–4:3. Digital images <a href="http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=2666&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1">here</a>.</li>
<li>Saint-Hubert Bible (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Hubert">abbey of Saint-Hubert</a>), now in London, British Library Add. 24 142. Lacks: Gen 1:1–49:6; most of the Minor Prophets (Hos 6:8–Mal); 1 Pet 4:3–end of the NT (which would include Acts and Rev). Digital images <a href="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_24142_f108r">here</a>. </li>
<li>Le Puy Bible, Trésor de la Cathedral (at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Puy_Cathedral">Le Puy Cathedral</a>).</li>
<li>Orléans Bible (Paris, BnF, lat. 9380) = Codex Mesmianus, because it was at one point acquired by the family of Mesmes. Digital images <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8452776m">here</a>. This Bible has variants from Alcuin. </li>
<li>Saint-Germain Bible (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s">Abbey of Saint-Germain-de-Prés</a>), now Paris, BnF, lat. 11 937. This manuscript is preserved only from Gen 18:20–Psa 92:5. The evidence for marginal readings attributed to the Hebrew Bible in this manuscript has made it the object of study by <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SZoDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Graves</a> (231–41) and Candiard and Chevalier Royet. "It seems that the purpose of these Hebrew scholia was to indicate to the Latin reader what the Hebrew contained according to the strictest and most literal understanding. They were presumably meant as a study tool for the reader interested in Hebrew" (Graves 231–32). Graves' comprehensive study of the Hebrew marginal notes in 1 Samuel is based on the apparatus in the Roman Vulgate (232n48). Digital images <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90668455">here</a>. Jerome's prologue to Samuel begins on what is labeled on the manuscript as fol. 62, but the digital image is given the number 72. The text of Samuel begins at image 73, the right inside column. According to <a href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.5.100875">Candiard and Chevalier-Royet</a> (21 with n30), in these last two manuscripts Theodulf is no longer chiefly concerned with comparing Latin manuscripts: the marginal glosses (numbering around 2000 in the Saint-Germain manuscript) are almost always preceded by an 'h', signaling a reading based on the Hebrew text, whereas there are only a few notes preceded by 'al' (= alii), signaling a reading derived from another Latin witness. </li>
<li>Copenhagen, Kongelige Bibliotek NKS1, previously at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne_Cathedral">Carcassonne Cathedral</a>. This Bible exists in fragments: Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Dan 1:1–6:5. This Bible also presents abundant marginal notes offering comparisons with the Hebrew Bible. Digital images <a href="http://www.kb.dk/permalink/2006/manus/68/eng/">here</a>. </li>
</ol>
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(See also another fragment <a href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/sl/0003">here</a>.)</div>
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The first four Bibles were produced around 800, the fifth and sixth one later on. Only the Le Puy and Orléans Bibles are complete. At least three other Theodulf Bibles are known to have once existed. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Theodulf began his work on the biblical text only after he became bishop, and his work was interrupted by his deposition. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The Theodulf Bibles were much more scholarly than Alcuin's with their marginal notes and concern for the Hebrew text, but they were also harder to use and presented no unified text. Alcuin's more straightforward and more magnificent volumes predominated, aided by the rapid production rate at Tours (about 2 Bibles per year for the first half of the ninth century). </div>
Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-49669704404870626712018-06-08T06:45:00.000-05:002018-06-08T07:08:08.248-05:00Gabler on Theology: BibliographyThe German theologian Johann Philipp Gabler (1753–1826) is often given credit for distinguishing biblical theology from systematic theology, which he did in his inaugural lecture as professor at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Altdorf">University of Altdorf</a>. This university was founded in 1578 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altdorf_bei_N%C3%BCrnberg">Altdorf bei Nürnberg</a> (i.e., near—15 miles east of—Nuremberg). It's a small town, current population around 15,000. The university closed in 1809.<br />
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<br />
According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Gabler">Wikipedia</a>: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Gabler is widely considered to be the father of modern biblical theology because of his 1787 inaugural address at University of Altdorf: <i>On the Correct Distinction Between Dogmatic and Biblical Theology and the Right Definition of Their Goals</i> [citing <a href="http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/55/55-1/JETS_55-1_1-5_Kostenberger.pdf">Köstenberger</a>]. Gabler sharply distinguished between biblical and dogmatic theology. For him, biblical theology was simply historical investigation into the beliefs of the biblical authors as they stand in the text. It is purely descriptive and uninfluenced by the viewpoints of modern thinkers. On the other hand, dogmatic theology is a systematized construction, built on the foundation of biblical theology and contextualized — applied to the context or era in which it is to be proclaimed.</blockquote>
Of course, the address was delivered and published originally in Latin, and the Latin title is <i>De justo discrimine theologiae biblicae et dogmaticae regundisque recte utriusque finibus</i> (Altdorf bei Nürnberg: Monath, 1787). The original publication is available <a href="http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10958262_00001.html">here</a>. (On the Roman numerals used in the date notation, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals#Large_numbers">Wikipedia</a>.) <br />
<br />
An English translation and commentary was produced by theologian <a href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timescolonist/obituary.aspx?n=john-w-sandys-wunsch&pid=176039711">John Sandys-Wunsch</a> and the medievalist Laurence Eldredge: “J. P. Gabler and the Distinction between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology: Translation, Commentary and Discussion of his Originality,” <i>Scottish Journal of Theology</i> 33 (1980): 133–58. The full text of their article is not available freely online, but the brief introduction and the entire translation has been made available <a href="http://jimhamilton.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Gabler-ProperDistinction-BiblicalTheology.pdf">here</a>. <br />
<br />
This translation is not based on the original publication, which was unavailable to Sandys-Wunsch and Eldredge, but rather on the reprint in Gabler’s (posthumously published) collected works (vol. 2, pp. 179–98, <a href="https://archive.org/stream/djohannphilippg01gablgoog#page/n205/mode/2up">here</a>).<br />
<br />
According to Sandys-Wunsch and Eldredge (149n2), Gabler was recognized as the patriarch of biblical theology first by D. C. G. Cölln, <i>Biblische Theologie</i>, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Barth, 1836), 1.22–23 (<a href="https://archive.org/stream/drdanielgeorgco00schugoog#page/n57/mode/2up">here</a>), and the first biblical theology to mention Gabler’s inaugural address was W. M. L. de Wette, <i>Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmatik I: Biblische Dogmatik Alten und Neuen Testaments</i> (Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung, 1813), available <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjlAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">here</a>, p. 30 (point c). </div>
Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-43087642470711414142018-06-04T15:48:00.004-05:002018-06-04T15:48:57.030-05:00Naḥal Ḥever Minor Prophets Scroll: Digital ImagesDigital images of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever"> Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Naḥal Ḥever</a> are available at the Leon Levy DSS Digital Library website <a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/8Hev1-1">here</a>, but (as with all the digital images there) they can be a little hard to navigate because there's no index. Each image does contain a plate number that corresponds—not to the plate numbers of the DJD edition, but—to the inventory number of the Palestine Archaeological Museum, which are noted in parentheses on the plates of the DJD edition. These numbers were a help in matching the digital image to the corresponding DJD plates.<br />
<br />
I have been able to find in the digital images every piece of the scroll represented on the plates in the DJD edition, except for fragments 1–5 of the Additional Fragments on Plate XX, though I didn't expend much energy searching for these additional fragments. I have gone through all 111 images available at the website, though I ignored some small pieces in the images that I couldn't readily identify in the DJD plates.<br />
<br />
The following index is arranged according to the plates in the DJD edition (vol. 8, ed. E. Tov, 1990). I am not sure why there are so many high quality images available online for certain fragments and not for others. Personally, I would much appreciate better images for column 2.<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 1: col. 2–4 (</span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-298665" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">B&W</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 2: Col. 2, Jonah 1:14–2:7</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278370" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278371" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278371" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>d (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278368" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 3: Col 3, Jonah 3:2–4:5</span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li>a (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #1; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477506" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477507" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #2; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477510" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477511" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #3; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477518" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477519" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>d (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #4; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477514" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477515" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>e (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278371" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>f (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278371" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>g (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278371" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>h (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278365" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> top left)</span></li>
<li>i (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278371" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>j (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278369" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>k (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278368" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 4: Col. 4, Micah 1:1–7</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278369" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (539) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278369" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 4: Col. 5, Micah 1:7–8</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (532) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278369" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, upside down on plate)</span></li>
<li>b (532) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278369" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, sideways on plate)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 5: Col. 6, Micah 2:7–9; 3:4–6</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (532) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278369" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (529) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278369" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (529) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278370" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 5: Col. 7, Micah 4:3–5</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (529) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278370" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (531) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371382" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #4; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365034" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365035" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278366" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 6: Col. 8, Micah 4:6–10, 5:1–4</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (530) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-508177" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-298286" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513041" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-295343" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-314652" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513042" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-295875" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-314653" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513043" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370928" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513044" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370929" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278372" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (531) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371382" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #4; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365034" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365035" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278366" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (531) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371382" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #3; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365032" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365033" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278366" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 7: Col. 9, Micah 5:4–7</span></div>
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<li>(530) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-508177" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-298286" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513041" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-295343" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-314652" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513042" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-295875" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-314653" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513043" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370928" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-513044" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370929" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278372" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 7: Col. 13, Nahum 1:13–14</span></div>
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<li>a (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #6; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477526" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477527" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #5; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477522" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477523" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 8: Col. 14, Nahum 2:5–10, 13–14; 3:3</span></div>
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<li>a (535) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371384" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #1; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370932" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370933" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278373" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277217" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370934" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370935" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (535) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371384" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #1; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370932" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370933" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370934" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370935" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (535) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278368" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277217" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>d (535) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371384" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #3; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365050" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365051" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278373" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>e (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #7; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477530" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477531" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 9: Col. 15, Nahum 3:6–17</span></div>
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<li>a (535) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278368" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277217" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (535) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371384" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #4; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365052" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365053" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #8; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477534" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477535" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>d (535) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371384" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #5; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365054" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365055" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278372" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 10: Col. 16, Habakkuk 1:5–11</span></div>
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<li>(529) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278365" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277217" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 11: Col. 17, Habakkuk 1:14–2:8</span></div>
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<li>a (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499709" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499710" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278377" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499709" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499710" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278373" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (530) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499709" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499710" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278370" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 12: Col. 18, Habakkuk 2:13–20</span></div>
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<li>a (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499709" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499710" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278370" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499709" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499710" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278367" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>c (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499709" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499710" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278378" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 13: Col. 19, Habakkuk 3:8–15</span></div>
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<li>a (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499709" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499710" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278378" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499705" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499706" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278374" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 14: Col. 20, Zephaniah 1:1–6</span></div>
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<li>a (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499705" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499706" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278374" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (left side); </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278375" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499701" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499702" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278376" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 15: Col. 21, Zephaniah 1:13–18</span></div>
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<li>(63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499701" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499702" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278376" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 15: Col. 22–23, Zephaniah 2:9–10 \\ Zephaniah 3:6–7</span></div>
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<li>a (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499701" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499702" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (63) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499701" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-499702" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; just col. 23: </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278376" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 16: Col. 28–29, Zechariah 1:1–4 \\ Zechariah 1:12–14</span></div>
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<li>a (530) & b (530) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496283" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #3, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371381" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477502" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365026" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477503" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365027" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>just b: (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278367" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277217" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 17: Col. 30–31, Zechariah 2:1–4; 2:7–12 \\ Zechariah 2:16–3:2; 3:3–7</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (530) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496283" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #1, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371381" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477494" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365022" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477495" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365023" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278366" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #9–10; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477538" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477539" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of the right half; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477542" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477543" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of left half)</span></li>
<li>c (530) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496283" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #2, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371381" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477498" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365024" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477499" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365025" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278367" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>d (539A) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496284" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #11; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477546" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477547" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 18: Col. 17–23 (</span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-496313" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">color</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">, upside down)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 19: Col. B1–2, Zechariah 8:19–21; 23 \\ Zechariah 8:23–9:5</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>a (538) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371385" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #1; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370936" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370937" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-298666" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B&W</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-280105" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370938" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-370939" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">verso infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
<li>b (538) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371385" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #3; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365058" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365059" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-298666" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B&W</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-280105" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plate 20: Additional Fragments</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>1 (530A)</li>
<li>2 (530A)</li>
<li>3 (530A)</li>
<li>4 (?)</li>
<li>5 (532)</li>
<li>6 (538) (<a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371385" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> #2; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365056" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">color enlargement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365057" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278365" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scanned infrared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<b id="docs-internal-guid-cc8ffaa8-cc85-1bca-da23-677ac83da4c5" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Fragments I can’t find in the DJD plates: </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365028" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plate 531, Frag 1</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365029" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365030" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plate 531, Frag 2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365031" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">again</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365036" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plate 531, Frag 5</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365037" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365048" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plate 535A, Frag 2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-365049" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477550" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plate 539A, Frag 12</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477551" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477554" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plate 539A, Frag 13</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-477555" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">infrared</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-280105" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plate 539</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (only the four smallest fragments can I not identify)</span></li>
</ul>
Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-88392932630133764402018-02-27T08:52:00.000-06:002018-02-27T08:52:30.777-06:00Book GiveawayI'm not giving anything away, but the good folks at the ETC Blog are <a href="http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2018/02/win-free-copy-of-biblical-canon-lists.html">offering a free copy</a> of the <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2017/10/new-book-biblical-canon-lists-from.html">book</a> I recently published with John Meade. Head over to their site for the details!Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-80414447842467470392017-12-17T21:48:00.001-06:002017-12-17T21:48:24.002-06:00Hays on the Fourth Gospel on the Law on the Death of JesusThis is maybe my favorite passage from the fourth chapter (on the Fourth Gospel) in Richard Hays, <i>Echoes of Scripture in the Gospels</i> (Baylor, 2016).<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
All of this suggests that there is vivid dramatic irony in the Fourth Gospel's trial scene before the Roman governor, when Pilate says to the Jewish authorities, "Take him and judge him according to your own law" (John 18:31). It has been the consistent testimony of John's story that if they did indeed judge Jesus rightly according to their own law, they would find his testimony to be the truth. And so when they later say to Pilate, "We have a law, and according to that law, he ought to die" (19:7), this is merely one more piece of evidence showing that they have both misjudged Jesus and misinterpreted the very law that actually bears witness to him. And yet, on another reading, might we consider whether this is one more case of exquisitely complex irony? Just as Caiaphas unwittingly prophesies truly that "it is better for you to have one man die for the people than to have the whole nation destroyed" (11:49–52), so also the Jewish leaders before Pilate unwittingly speak the truth: Jesus' death is indeed necessary "according to the law," in the sense that the law prefigures it<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">—</span>as John has told us from the beginning of the story. (p. 300)</blockquote>
According to the note (430n44), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BkbMQAACAAJ&dq=hoskyns+fourth+gospel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNhbzx0pLYAhUCbSYKHfMpCYEQ6AEILjAB">Hoskyns</a> (p. 523) and <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4ufDAEACAAJ&dq=keener+gospel+of+john&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi11bWv05LYAhXERSYKHeAQDygQ6AEIMzAC">Keener</a> (2.1125) also propose this "double meaning in John's statement." Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-11447897572954103272017-12-12T16:35:00.002-06:002017-12-12T16:35:54.847-06:00Cyril Loukaris on the Biblical Canon: BibliographyThe Greek Orthodox Church has never made an official pronouncement on the biblical canon in a council that they consider ecumenical. Actually, they regard as ecumenical only seven councils, the last one being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea">Nicaea II</a> in 787. So, anyway, the biblical canon is a little more open in the Greek Orthodox world than it is in the Western world generally, that is, among Roman Catholics and Protestants. Specifically, with regard to the status of what are sometimes called the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament, the Greek Orthodox allow for some disagreement. They pretty much all regard these books as important, but some theologians regard these books as sharing the same status as the other books of the Old Testament, while other theologians grant the deuterocanonical books a slightly lower status, suitable for reading and edification, suitable for the liturgy, but not suitable for establishing doctrine. The <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNZBAgAAQBAJ&dq=pentiuc+orthodox&source=gbs_navlinks_s">recent book by Pentiuc</a> explains this aspect of Orthodox thinking.<br />
<br />
Whereas in the West the big century for debates about the deuterocanonical books was the sixteenth century, in the East it was the seventeenth century, and the debates mostly centered around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris">Cyril Loukaris</a>, the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1621 until his assassination in 1638. Cyril appreciated certain emphases of the Protestant Reformers, particularly the Calvinists. In 1629, a Calvinist confession of faith appeared in Latin under the name of Cyril, followed two years later by a Greek translation. Cyril never admitted authoring this confession, but he never denied it either. At any rate, it created much controversy in the Orthodox world, even eliciting several councils for the purpose of condemning the confession (Constantinople 1638; Constantinople 1642; Jerusalem 1672).<br />
<br />
The confession consists of 18 articles and 4 questions, and the 3rd question concerns the biblical canon. For the Old Testament, the confession admits only 22 canonical books, thus denying canonical status to the deuterocanonical books. Whereas this issue did not come up in the condemnations of this confession at the Councils of Constantinople in 1638 and 1642, it did come up at the Council of Jerusalem in 1672 in the confession of faith, adopted at the council, written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dositheos_II_of_Jerusalem">Dositheos</a>, the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the convener of the council. Dositheos ascribed full canonicity to the deuterocanonical books.<br />
<br />
These resources can be hard to track down, and the secondary literature does not always provide exact citations, sometimes even omitting the names of books discussed while merely summarizing the opinions of the figures mentioned. So, here I want to collect some resources in hopes that this post might prove helpful to those interested in this subject.<br />
<br />
The Latin confession of 1629, attributed to Cryil Loukaris, is available <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UoQtaxuxy5AC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">here</a>, but it does not contain the four questions at the end. They are available in Greek and Latin in the text published in the mid-nineteenth century by Kimmel, <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433070293273;view=1up;seq=150">here</a>. The question about the biblical canon (question 3) appears on pp. 42–43.<br />
<br />
As for the reception of this confession, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3159981?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">this article</a> by Michaelides (1943) is extremely helpful. About three months after his assassination (27 June 1638), Cyril was anathematized at the Synod of Constantinople convened in 1638 (24 September). The acts of this council have been published in <a href="http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503525297-1">vol. 4</a>.1 of <i><a href="http://www.brepols.net/Pages/BrowseBySeries.aspx?TreeSeries=CCCOGD">Conciliorum oecumenicorum generaliumque decreta</a> </i>(Brepols, 2016), pp. 231–51. According to the introduction (prepared by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/NikiPapa%C3%AFliaki">Niki Papaïliaki</a>): "The Synod deals with eight subjects, which are the points of disagreement between the Reformed Church and the Catholic Church: the infallibility of the Church, predestination, the mediation of saints, free will, the number of sacraments, transubstantiation, almsgiving, prayers for the dead, and icons" (p. 232).<br />
<br />
Four years later another council was held in Constantinople, and it again took up the matter of the confession of Cryil. The acts of this council are published in the same volume, immediately after the acts of the 1638 council. The introduction (prepared by <a href="https://auth.academia.edu/SymeonPaschalidis">Symeon Paschalidis</a>) says that the 1642 council "produced the present document, which condemned eighteen propositions by Cyril Loukaris and which was sent to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy">Synod of Iaşi</a>" (p. 255). Of the eighteen propositions condemned, none has to do with the biblical canon.<br />
<br />
The next council in the same volume is the more famous Synod of Jerusalem 1672. This council once again took up the matter of Cyril Loukaris' confession, rejecting the confession but denying the authenticity of the attribution to Cyril. Again, the biblical canon was not, at this point, a matter under discussion, but, as mentioned earlier, the council also gave approval to a confession of faith by Dositheos. This confession of faith does take up the issue of the biblical canon. Unfortunately, the collection published by Brepols does not include this confession of faith. The very last line of the introduction (<a href="https://ephe.academia.edu/VassaKontouma">Vassa Kontouma</a> and S. Garnier) says: "Dositheos' profession of faith has also been left out" (p. 278). The very beginning of the confession is printed at p. 319, to inform readers where it came in the acts, after the sixth chapter. The confession of Dositheos can be found in several other editions, referenced in the biblioigraphy (pp. 278–79) of the Brepols edition. One option would be to go to the previous edition of the Jerusalem Council, the edition prepared in the mid-twentieth century by <a href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/karmiris-ioannis-SIM_11324?s.num=44&s.start=40">Ioannis Karmiris</a>, which formed the basis for the Brepols edition. Fortunately, this edition is available online <a href="http://www.theognosia.gr/el/dogmatika-symvolika-mnhmeia-orthodoksou-pisteos">here</a>. For the confession of Dosietheos, go to vol. 2, pp. 734–73. The question on the biblical canon appears at pp. 769–70. There is also an English translation in <a href="https://archive.org/stream/actsanddecreess00lucagoog#page/n166/mode/2up/search/jassy">Roberton's work</a>, pp. 155–56.<br />
<br />
These Synods of Constantinople/Iaçi 1642 and Jerusalem 1672 approved of a confession of faith by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mogila">Peter Mogila</a>, which also did not directly address the biblical canon, though <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNZBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=peter+mogila+biblical+canon&source=bl&ots=046gBKStTm&sig=wUCazfNbe2OIH2gGvhH_qWnHOiM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi38ojGwvrXAhWDUd8KHQdSBYgQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=peter%20mogila%20biblical%20canon&f=false">it did quote from deuterocanonical literature</a>. The text is also available from Karmiris, vol. 2, pp. 593–686.<br />
<br />
Sometimes reviews of this period also mention a confession of faith by <span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Metrophanes_of_Alexandria">Metrophanes Kritopoulos</a>, a friend of Cyril Loukaris, who sent Kritopoulos to Oxford for study. Kritopoulos published his confession in 1625, so before the one attributed to Cyril, and in ch. 7 he restricted the Old Testament canon to the 22 books. This confession of faith can also be accessed in Karmiris, with the comments on the biblical canon coming at pp. 529–30. Interestingly, when Kritopoulos had become Patriarch of Alexandria, he signed the condemnation of Cyril Loukaris issued from the Council of Constantinople 1638. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Finally, I'll mention <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9l%C3%A8ce_Syrigos">Meletios Syrigos</a>, who wrote a work in 1640 against the confession of Cyril. This work was published later in 1690 by Dositheos, in an edition that also includes the confession of faith by Dositheos. This 1690 edition is available online in <a href="http://digital.lib.auth.gr/record/137065/files/8575.pdf">a very annoying PDF</a>. The bit about the biblical canon appears on pp. 155v–156r. </span>Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-30121527590805644182017-12-04T16:07:00.000-06:002017-12-04T16:07:13.764-06:00Grabe, The History of the Seventy Two Interpreters (Preface)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span><br />
On a recent trip to Harvard's <a href="http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/">Houghton Library</a> I was able to take a look at <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_the_Seventy_Two_Interpret.html?id=DKbfMgEACAAJ">one of the first English translations of the Letter of Aristeas</a>, published in 1715, edited by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ernest_Grabe">John Ernest Grabe</a> and translated into English by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(controversialist)">Thomas Lewis</a>. This volume is apparently not available online (at any rate, my searches have proven fruitless), though several American libraries hold a copy (if <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-the-seventy-two-interpreters-of-their-journey-from-jerusalem-to-alexandria-their-entertainment-at-the-egyptian-court-their-version-on-the-septuagint/oclc/83664135&referer=brief_results">WorldCat</a> can be trusted). (Images of some pages may be viewed <a href="http://www.davidmilesbooks.com/books-prints-maps/d/the-history-of-the-seventy-two-interpreters%3A-of-their-journey-from-jerusalem-to-alexandria%3A-their-entertainment-at-the-egyptian-court%3A-their-version-of-the-septuagint%3A-with-all-the-circumstances-of-that-illustrious-transaction-written-in-greek-by-aristeas-embassador-from-ptolom%C3%83%C2%A6us-philadelphus-%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%93-king-of-egypt-to-eleazar-high-priest-of-the-jews-inscribd-to-his-brother-philocrates-to-which-is-added-the-history-of-the-angles-and-their-gallantry-with-the-daughters-of-men-written-by-enoch-the-patriarch-prublishd-in-greek-by-dr-grabe-made-english-by-mr-lewis-of-corpus-christi-college-in-oxford-/81504">here</a>.) I took advantage of my trip to Boston for the SBL to take a look at this book, especially its preface.<br />
<br />
The preface was apparently written by Lewis rather than by Grabe and translated by Lewis. Primarily two reasons lead me to this view. First, after the Letter of Aristeas there appears "The History of the Angels, and Their Gallantry with the Daughters of Men," and the preface to this document is explicitly the work of Lewis insomuch as he refers to Grabe by name (p. 177). Also, I take it that the "best Authority"<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">—</span>mentioned in the last paragraph of our preface as constituting the basis for the presentation of Aristeas<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">—</span>is Grabe, and so this third person reference would again indicate that it is Lewis who penned the preface.<br />
<br />
I was interested in this preface primarily because it is sometimes cited as an important early articulation of the <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2016/08/alexandrian-canon.html">Alexandrian Canon idea</a>. See, for instance, Albert C. Sundberg, Jr., "The Old Testament: A Christian Canon," <i>Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i> 30 (1968): 143–55, at 144n4, who attributes this view to Lewis.<br />
<br />
In a slightly more extensive, but still brief, interaction with this preface, Sundberg says the following:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Grabe had published an edition of the Letter of Aristeas in Greek. Thomas Lewis "made English" this work and published it in 1715. In the preface, presumably prefixed by Lewis, it is asserted that a larger Old Testament collection was used at the Jewish temple at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontopolis_(Heliopolis)">Leontopolis</a> in Egypt, from which it passed by the hands of wandering Jews, into Palestine. Jesus and his apostles, when they cited from the scriptures, made use of this version, and thus it passed into the church. But Lewis' theory is too fantastic to merit serious consideration. (<i>The Old Testament of the Early Church</i> [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964], 19)</blockquote>
<div>
In the context of this statement from Sundberg, the implication is that the "larger Old Testament collection" in use among Jews at Leontopolis would have included the deuterocanonical books. In the preface, Lewis does propose that a Greek translation of a large collection of Jewish Scripture was in use at Heliopolis (= Leontopolis), but this collection was "large" in comparison to the Greek translation of the Septuagint, which<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">—</span>as Lewis argued<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">—</span>amounted to the Pentateuch alone. So, Lewis is talking about books of the Hebrew Bible outside the Pentateuch. In fact, Lewis explicitly mentions the Law and the Prophets as contained in this translation. That means that this preface has nothing at all to do with the Alexandrian Canon idea, and the earliest articulation of the view should be attributed to Francis Lee in 1719 (note again <a href="https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2016/08/alexandrian-canon.html">this post</a>). </div>
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But you can see for yourself whether I'm misinterpreting Lewis. Here is the complete preface, along with inserted page numbers in brackets. The bit about Heliopolis appears at pp. viii–ix. </div>
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<br />
The Preface<br />
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The History of Aristeas, concerning the Version of the Septuagint, is of that Antiquity, and so Particular and Faithful in the Account, that I wonder it never appeared in our Language to any Advantage. We have no Record of this Immortal Action, but what we receive from Josephus (who imperfectly transcribed our Author) and [ii] some uncertain Traditions, which afford but a broken Idea of an Enterprize so Glorious, that deserves so well of Religion and the Learned World.<br />
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The Author before us was a Jew by Extraction, who resided at the Court of Ptolomaeus Philadelphus King of Egypt. He was a Person of singular Moderation and Wisdom; of great Esteem with the King for his Judgment and Modesty, and admitted into all his Counsels. To Aristeas we owe, not only the Relation, but the Being of the Septuagint. He was the first who advanced the Undertaking; was principally in the Management of the Business, and therefore the best [iii] qualified to deliver the Circumstances of it.<br />
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It is past Controversie, I suppose, that the Person who bears the Name of this Treatise, was in the same Character we represent him; though I am sensible it is disputed by the Great Scaliger; who imagines the History of the Interpreters to be later in Time, than wherein we have placed it: But we may as well debate upon the Authority of all Ancient Writings; since Josephus (of the same Nation, and Faithful where Moses is not to be opposed) and Philo the Jew, allow this Relation to be the Genuine produce of Aristeas the Embassador to Jerusalem, and the Favourite in the Egyptian Court.<br />
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[iv] The name of the Septuagint proceeds from the Seventy Two Interpreters, and call'd so for the sake of the Sound: For I cannot believe a Manuscript in the Bodleian Library, which informs us that two of the Elders never arriv'd at Alexandria, but died upon their Journey.<br />
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The Learned in all Ages have been various in their Opinions concerning the Version of the Septuagint: St. Jerome assures us, that the Seventy Two Translated only the Five Books of Moses, because our Author, Aristobulus, and Philo say, they only interpreted the Law; which, in the common Acceptation, [v] only signifies the Pentateuch; and if any one takes it to imply all the Books of the Old Testament, they will find Josephus informing us, that the Word Law only imports the Writings of the Jewish Legislator, which is only applicable to Moses. The Thalmudists are of the same mind: Yet Justin, and most of the Ancient Fathers were of Opinion, that the Seventy Translated the whole Bible: But this, in my Judgment, seems to be Physically impossible: For (to use the Words of D'Espieres) we cannot morally suppose, that those immense Volumes of the Holy Scriptures, could be even Transcrib'd in the Space of Seventy Two Days; much less be perfectly Translated out of [vi] the Hebrew into the Greek Language.<br />
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We may believe therefore, that the Five Books of Moses, and no more, were Interpreted at Alexandria, and that they were dispos'd of in the Royal Library there. The Version, we cannot doubt, was accurate and exact, according to the Purity of the Hebrew Text; but the Corruptions and Mistakes that are obvious to be discover'd in our common Translation, seem to convince, that our Greek Septuagint is either altogether different from the Interpretation of the Seventy, or very miserably abus'd and deprav'd insomuch that a Learned* Jesuit [vii] declares it to be rather a Labour of Divine Omnipotence, than Human Industry, to recover it to its Primitive Integrity. And his Censure appears to be just; For we are assur'd by History, that the Library of Ptolomaeus Philadelphus was burnt in the time of the Alexandrian War, and the Original Version, 'tis certain, perish'd in the Flames: We are satisfied, that there was another Library erected (which was called the Daughter of the First) by Cleopatra, the last of the Alexandrian Queens, in the Temple of Serapis; to furnish this Library, Herod the King of the Jews at that time sent the Holy Books, in the Hebrew Language, and likewise a Greek Interpretation, [viii] that was made use of by the Greeks in Syria and Palestine, and was to be seen in the time of St. Chrysostom: But by what means that Version, which was in use among the Primitive Fathers of the Church, came to pass upon the World for the Genuine Labour of the Seventy Two Interpreters, it cannot be improper to look into Antiquity and discover.<br />
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[*Petrus Possinus]<br />
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Before the Fall of the Ptolomaean Library, wherein the Perfect Interpretation was dispos'd, we have an Account from Alexander Polyhistor, that there was a confus'd Interpretation, not only of the Pentateuch, but likewise of the Prophets, in the Hands of the Jews: [ix] The Author of this Version is supposed to be a Jew, who Officiated in the Temple of Heliopolis; which was built by Onias, one of the Generals of Ptolomaeus Philometor, in opposition to the Temple at Jerusalem: And, it is probable, this Version was read in that Temple by some Apostate Priests, who ministered in the Offices, and were very little concern'd about the Justness or Purity of the Translation. From Egypt this corrupt Interpretation was receiv'd by many of those Jews, who were dispers'd among the Greeks, in whose Synagogues, part of the Law, and the Prophets, was read out of those imperfect Books, every Sabbath Day. From these wandering Hebrews, this Version was [x] deliver'd to the Grecians, and from them to the Latins. And our Saviour, and his Apostles, when they had occasion for Citations out of the Old Scriptures, made use of this vitious Interpretation, for this reason, I suppose, because it was commonly admitted, and universally known by all the Jews: Yet this, by the way, is no Argument to prove the Authority of this Version; for it was Prudence in the Apostles not to appeal to any other Interpretation than what was familiarly handled and every Body was intimately acquainted with.<br />
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[xi] But yet it cannot be deny'd, that the Greek Edition, corrupt as it was, was very Authentic in the Christian Church, though it varies in Chronology, and the Relation of some Historical Facts, from the Purity of the Hebrew Original: But that which confirm'd it in the Opinion of the Learned, was the Glorious Title of the Seventy Two Interpreters; which it gradually assum'd, as the Copies of the Pure Version grew in disuse, and out of the Hands of the World. this Additional Character gave it a Recommendation; and to fortifie it with Divine Authority, there was invented a Device, That the Seventy two Hebrews were shut up in diffe- [xii] rent Apartments, out of the Communication of each other; and that upon a Comparison of their Translations, there was a perfect Harmony and Agreement between them, to the minutest Words and Circumstances: As if (says a great* Critic in Sacred Writings) to satisfie the Request of Ptolomaeus the King, every Interpreter must have a Manuscript of the Law to himself: Or, as if the High Priest could divine, that the King of Egypt would make such an Experiment, and tempt the Divine Power, without any [xiii] manner of Occasion. I know not who (says St. Jerom) thought of the Fiction of the Seventy Cells at Alexandria, into which the Elders were dispos'd, that they might be separate in their Labours; since Aristeas and Josephus after him, have given us no such Account, but that they compar'd their Works together in one Apartment; I never heard that they Prophesied.<br />
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[*Lud. Capellanus]<br />
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I confess the contrary Opinion has very great Authority to support it: St. Justin the Martyr, or the Author of the Oration against the Greeks; St. Irenaeus and St. Clement, are very positive on the [xiv] other side: The Words of St. Justin upon the occasion, run thus: These Things, ye Grecians, we relate to you, not as a Fable, or fictitious History, but as Men who have seen the Ruins of those several Apartments in the Tower; we deliver to you what we heard from the Natives, the Inhabitants, who successively receive the Accounts of their Countrey from their Ancestors.<br />
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To this I observe that it is no wonder if St. Justin was induc'd by the Inhabitants to give Belief to this Narration, which they affirm'd to flow down to them from their [xv] Fathers; expecially since it consisted so well with the Interest of the Church, for whose Service it was, that the Divine Authority of that Interpretation should be preserv'd, which was to be an Instrument of Conviction and Persuasion to Jews and Gentles. And here Eusebius of Caesarea very justly admires the Divine Providence; alledging, that the Jews would not have suffer'd any Translation after the coming of Christ; or at best would have impos'd a corrupt Version upon the World: But they could not object against This of the Septuagint, as being done by Hebrews (as they believ'd) chosen by their High Priest, and, by Consequence, was [xvi] very just, and of the best Authority.<br />
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The Time of the Alexandrian Interpretation has been likewise disputed: The Learned Dr. Stillingfleet acknowledges, that Tradition varies about this Matter but all agree, that it was about the Time of Ptolomaeus Philadelphus, yet are not certain in which Year of his Reign; Scaliger places it in the Thirty Third; but Eusebius and Jerom in the Beginning; which the Doctor thinks most probable, and settles it in the Time wherein Ptolomaeus Philadelphus reign'd with his Father Lagus; and so the difference a- [xvii] mong the Fathers (some of whom place it in Lagus's Time, and others in his Son's Reign) is reconciled; and this Remark appears to be exact, because Demetrius Phalereus, who is mentioned as President of the Royal Library, was banished by Philadelphus, as soon as his Father was dead; which proves, that this Affair was executed before the Death of Ptolomaeus Lagus.<br />
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This Account of the Septuagint I have taken from the Judgment of the best Authority, and, perhaps, some Satisfaction may arise from it: But whether the Old [xviii] Testament, or the Writings of Moses only, were Translated by the Seventy Hebrews; whether the Genuine Version be entirely lost, or continued down to us, I observe, upon the whole, that the Common Interpretation is of great Authority in the Christian Church and a Glorious Emolument to Religion: that the Encouragement and Protection of Learning, give a greater Lustre, even to the Character of Kings, than the brightest Circumstance of their Reign; for the Name of Ptolomaeus Philadelphus may expect to flourish, by his Alexandrian Library, and the Interpretation of the Septuagint, when the greatest [xix] Heroes in Story are lost in Revolutions of Time, and their Memories are no more.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-42447978277677203322017-10-16T11:12:00.000-05:002017-10-16T11:12:10.990-05:00New Book: Biblical Canon Lists from Early ChristianityIn just a couple weeks, those living in the UK (or those who order books thence) can pick up a copy of <i>The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and Analysis</i>, published by Oxford and written by yours truly along with <a href="https://septuagintstudies.wordpress.com/">John Meade</a>. It goes on sale in the UK at the beginning of November, whereas we in the USA have to wait until the beginning of next year.<br />
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You can see a <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpg4DwAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s">preview at Google Books</a>, and of course you'll want to check out the Amazon page (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Biblical-Canon-Lists-Early-Christianity/dp/0198792492/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1508168794&sr=8-1&keywords=biblical+canon+lists">US site</a>, or <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Biblical-Canon-Lists-Early-Christianity/dp/0198792492/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1508167918&sr=8-1&keywords=biblical+canon+lists">UK site</a>). It's offered for the very reasonable price of $45 or £35. Feel free to pre-order now.<br />
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The main attraction of the book--the reason you'll want your own copy--is because John and I have collected all the biblical canon lists from the first four centuries of Christianity, and we present them in the original languages and English translation (in parallel columns) with introductions and extensive notes. So, you've heard so much about the 39th Festal Letter of Athanasius, which listed for the first time in history the exact 27 books of the NT that we now accept, and you'd like to read the letter for yourself--our book has it, or the extant portions in Greek, anyway, with an English translation. Read the letter for yourself. We also print the Muratorian Fragment in Latin and English, and the canon list of Eusebius of Caesarea (Greek and English), and the various lists of Origen (in Greek/Latin and English). And, of course, many more: Jerome, Augustine, Gregory of Nazianzus, Cyril of Jerusalem, Epiphanius, Pope Innocent I, etc.<br />
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Most of these lists include the OT and the NT. We print all relevant portions, typically erring on the side of providing more than enough of the context rather than too little.<br />
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We recognize that Jewish canon lists are also important for study of the OT canon. Unfortunately, there aren't a whole lot of early Jewish lists, but there are the lists of Josephus (more of a discussion than a list) and the Talmud (<a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2012/02/canon-list-of-baba-bathra-14b.html">Baba Bathra 14b</a>). Despite the name of the book, with its focus on early Christianity, we do have a chapter in which we present these two Jewish lists, Josephus in Greek and English, the Talmudic list in Hebrew and English.<br />
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There is one Syriac list included, and a chapter on biblical manuscripts in Greek, Latin, and Syriac from the first millennium of Christianity. An appendix covers basic information about the books "on the fringe" of the canon (e.g., Esther, Tobit, Laodiceans, Gospel of Thomas, etc.). A substantial introduction (56 pages) surveys the development of the biblical canon, providing a context for study of the canon lists that follow.<br />
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We think it will be a book that scholars and students will want to refer to often when dealing with the biblical canon.Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869485580444897612.post-68003969629920901792017-10-12T09:46:00.000-05:002017-10-12T09:46:06.286-05:00Septuagint and Canon: Hengel, part 5This is the final post in the <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2017/10/septuagint-and-canon-hengel-part-4.html">Hengel series</a>, covering the final chapter of his <i>The Septuagint as Christian Scripture</i>.<br />
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Chapter 5: The Origin of the 'Christian Septuagint' and Its Additional Writings (pp. 105–27)<br />
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Hengel begins with a survey of Christian terminology for Scripture, showing that usually they were simply called "Scriptures," occasionally "holy Scriptures," less frequently "Law and Prophets" or similar, sometimes just Prophets (referring to all Jewish Scripture) and sometimes just Law. As for texts actually cited, you've got just a few books that predominate, especially Isaiah, Psalms, Deuteronomy, the rest of the Torah (not so much Numbers) and the Twelve. There are some "<a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2017/09/epiphanius-on-ephesians-514.html">strange quotations</a>," the source of which is debated, but the source is certainly not the extra books of the LXX codices.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The question of the origin of the <i>larger</i> canon of the early church, which so occupies us today, was apparently not yet in view. On the basis of the New Testament's use of Scripture, one would actually expect a <i>smaller</i> canon. (p. 111)</blockquote>
And here is the answer to the whole question addressed by this book:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The question of <i>why</i> the Old Testament attained in the church precisely the form present--still not completely uniformly--in the great codices of the fourth and fifth centuries is essentially insoluble. (p. 112)</blockquote>
Hengel finds knowledge of the extra writings quite early. "It also seems noteworthy that traces of the documents with which we are concerned occurred primarily in the West, but are scarcely transmitted in the East until Clement of Alexandria" (p. 116). Very helpfully, Hengel takes these documents one-by-one and traces their early reception in the church, focusing on citations and clear allusions. He had <a href="http://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2017/10/septuagint-and-canon-hengel-part-3.html">previously pointed out</a> that there's not much in the way of explicit quotations in the first two centuries of Christian literature.<br />
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So, why did these writings prevail in the church, "immediately in the West, more slowly and half-heartedly in the East?" (p. 122). Because, as Luther said, they were useful and good to read. That's exactly why Athanasius prescribed some of this literature to catechumens. Hengel makes the interesting suggestion that these books may have "already had an analogous function in the instruction of proselytes in a number of synagogues of the Diaspora. This remains mere speculation, however; it is mentioned by neither Philo nor Josephus" (p. 123).<br />
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Hengel proposes that it was the library at Rome that served as the gateway for this literature to enter the wider Christian community.<br />
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He concludes with some reflections on the suitability of the OT canon, wondering whether a Christian needs a strictly delimited OT canon, since it finds its fulfillment in the NT. Ed Gallagherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09304631281634219161noreply@blogger.com0